1980-03-28 — Page 36

Mohilization law in 1938 -

翼四第張九第日二十月二年申庚勵夏

WAH KIU YAT PO

ia Leonomict

1980

the National

中學會考試題預習專欄

歴史

明德出版社胡應亮提供資料

History (25)

Philip Y L Woo

Mill & Dale Press Ltd

During the war with China

经意指吧 1977 hud with the USA since 1941, Japan took many

measures to strengthen internal

unity and established strict

control over society and economy. Of course, with the atomic bombs of 1945, these measures were destroyed ton. The following is an account and explanation of what they were and how they were put into practice.

a. Beginning of

totalitariauism in Imperial Japan - Once Japan was at war with China in July 1937, it became increasingly necessary for the Japanese government to mobilize the country for warmefforts. The Japanese militarists made use of such a good excuse to increase its power of control in the government, since national unity was strictly needed in times of national remergency. "Totalitarian rule" means dictatorial, illiberal control of ali areas of national and social Jife. jn a totalitarian country, political parties are often disolved, free thinking forbidden, free personal liberty taken away, and the economy controlled by the state. Measures of totalitalian control adopted by Japan, both in

government and in society,

included the

following:

By this law, a lot of emergency powers were

given to the prime

minister. Such powers

included the direction of labour and raw materials to favour, or stimulate chosen war- industries and zaihatsu, the regulation of wages and prices in guciety su as to ebeck inflation, government operation of certain industries, and

even a compulsory saving project among Japanese people. Yet, because

of appositions from the parties in the Diet, many of these powers were not taken up by the prime minister in 1938. Not all the measures were actually put into practice. ii. Political:

re-organization of the government - New government bodies were created. They included (a) the Cabinet Planning

Board - Its function was to coordinate and supervise the work of the growing number of government departments and to work out the economic policy and the country as a whole. The power that the Cabinet Planning Board enjoyed was disproportion- ately larger than that of other government department.

(b) The Imperial

Headquarters (Dai Hon

function was to coordinate military planning and operations between the arny and the navy, so that better cooperation between the two armed forces would be possible. The Japanese

army and navy

had not

報日僑華

cooperated well.

(e) The Cabinet Advisory

Council This body

had four representa- tives from the military, three from the parties, two from finance and business, and one from the foreign ministry. They were all advisers to national policy. (A) The Asia Development

Board It Was responsible for Japan's relations with China. In 1942, after the Japanese expansion towards Southeast Asia and the conquest of large areas in East Asia after the attack on Pearl Harbour, a Greater Cast Asia Ministry, which dealt with affairs about East. Asian countries in general, was established to absorb the Asia Development Board.

(e) The Liaison

Conference (連絡會議)- all important governm ment decisions were made at the Liaison Conferences. At these meeting, the Prine Minister, the Foreign Minister and other top military leaders would be present to discuss government matters. Ju was, however, the military leaders who had the greatest power of decision-making. No party members were represented at these conferences.

Social:

increased government control of thoughts and society In Japanese schools, the military tried to strengthen abedience and loyalty anong the students by revising textbooks and rewriting them in emotional ultranational-

istic terms, prohibiting

五期星

日八廿月三年〇八九一公年九十六國民藜中目播育教

foreign books, and

stepping up militaristic education. Army officers were stationed in schools to supervise compulsory military exercises. Through the public mas s media (e.g. the radio, the press) Japanese people were taught absolute loyalty to the Emperor. The Peace Preservation Jaw of 1925 (that gave absolute powers to police for maintaining law and order) was actively put into practice. The thought- control police guarded the nation guarded the nation against unpatriotic activities.

I. Completion of

totalitarianise -- Toward the inte 1970s, the international situation grew more unfavourable to Japan, For example, the war with China had come to a deadlock and was becoming increasingly costly and burdensome to Japan's

limited resources. On the

other hand, the US was

growing unfriendly. Thus it became more necessary for the Japanese government to impose stricter control over the country and take more measures to strengthen national unity. In 1940, the formation of the New National Structure

(Shintaisei) was

announced.

i. Sncial mobilization - At the lowest level of society, small neighbor- hood association (tonarigumi ) which every Japanese had to join, were set up. in the higher level, the se associations were linked together inte prefectural committees. Kationally, these prefectural committees would form a

national committee. y

mid-1941, the whole

country had been

systematically prganized

in such a manner. All Japanese people were thus kept under state control. Negatively, the system enabled the goverinent t切 find out and quickly to militarist rule. put down any opposition Positively, the system raised national morale for war, made it easy for the government

to carr

our war propaganda, and made sure that local lay aud order would be kept economically and efficiently.

ii. Political mobilization -

Efforts were made to group together all political, social and cultural bodies in the country. The objective was to strengthen Japan's political unity against the West, Political parties were dissolved and grouped under a newly

created "Imperial Rule

Assistance Association

(Taisei Yokugankai 大政 翼會). The few

remaining labour unions

were combined to fora a single patriotic

association of workers.

iii. Ideological mobilization- Control was extended into

thought and belief.

Negatively, any kind of Attempts were made to opposition and disagree- ment was put down,

destroy Western influence in Japan. Positively, nationalist Japanese

Imperial Way" or "unity of government and religion" were advocated. Japan's national Dyths. especially those about the Emperor's divine nature, were taught in school. Schoul hövs were told that the Japanese were the chosen people to unify and conquer the

world,

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微地下王建全735 位陳

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十種股氣報導,水分, 新聞夕

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九時,「京兆選唱 十時卅分:“赛 | 剪報,貼爭劇場。

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氣報告,私音廣播,北 清晨音樂,十五分,天一日播映戀幕。

,卅分,天氣報告

九時,榮豪在酒

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「商業第二台

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六時-新聞簡報, 「姑粮刺客」繕十三天氣瓣,老友記

梁燕風味。 幹,卅分,天→報告,

分,天就報告。

卅分,難民天年。 十二時,妙覆 心

十一時,粤曲 -

’十時,音樂點滴,

都唸的經」,卅分,「 烏龍捕快J

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