1980-02-22 — Page 23

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香港電台電鶘部任採訪記者及目標導工作,此

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1980 中學會考試題預習專欄

(十九)

明德出版社胡應亮提供資料

History (19)

Philip Y L Woo

歷史

il & Dale Press Ltd

The following is a

Tiscussion of the consequences

of the Second World War.

Because many of the

consequences must be and were viewed in their long-term development, the analysis

wg a whole is in fact one on post-1945 Europe in general. Still, however, the emphasis is laid on the effects that the Second World War had on post-war European history.

Destruction and Auman casualties

As can be expected, these things were the most immediate of a war. The second World War was the most bloody and destructive var in history. About 55 million people died, with 35 million wounded one way or another. Over half of

all the dead were Hussians, and the Poles suffered the highest casualty rate among -all countries. Besides,

millions of Europeana and Asians were forced to leave their home,

Success in defeating Hitler and the German Nazis

One must remember, however, that despite all the Eonses that the War hrought Shout, the Allied Powers ucceeded in destroying Geiman Nazism, the greatest threat to Western civili- zation, This led some historians to way that "the second World War war (essentially) a good war,"

Decline of Europe and the consequent collapse of European colonialis ---

On the one hand, the European powers were greatly weakened after the struggle. On the other hand, Japan's victories

over the European colonial poworn during the War greatly damaged the › prestige of European rofonfaliam. Nationaliam in colonial places in Asia and Afica grew rapidly and Encreasingly, a factor that Telped put European 26)onialsim to an end. Mean- while, Europe was quick Sowing its leading position

world affairs.

* The rise of the US and

the USSR

--

on the surrounding of Europe, two super powers roRe ký a powerful position during the War. The US, for example, had suffered relatively Titile. In fact, who had

experienced a true economic revival from the depression years of the early 1930m. The USSR, on the other hand, exte extended her political

influence over Eastern Europe. The rivalry between the two powers was

HOOT Lo "split Europe into two opposing

Ideological camps. This was the background to the Cold' War in post-1445 Europe.

Harm done to European economic life hút quick

recovery

- Thin-ecONO@LC-Fecovery.

was possible because of the following factors:

a. the help of American capital (i.e. the

Marshall Plan beginning from 1948);

b. measures of economic

liberalization and

integration (i.e. the

trend toward European

economic cooperation that

in the end resulted in

the formation of the European Econoni e

Community (Common Market) in 1959.

c. strict state planning in

the countries of the East- ern Bloc (under Soviet domination), where heavy industry was given

at the emphasis expense of agricultural production and the general standard of living.

6. Great advances in science and in state planning The War greatly stimulated progress and development in this direction, owing to the requirements of fighting. In Britain, for example, the Beveridge Report of 1942 laid down the central guidelines for the creation of the Welfare State, (i,e, government actively promoting the general welfare of the people). In fact, one of the reasons for the rapid.. economic recovery after 1945 was the popularity of state socialism (i,e, state inter- vention into and encouragement of economic activities of W country). Although the inven- tion of nuclear weapons greatly increased the herror and destructiveness of war, the thought of the horrifying nuclear warfare had the

9,An-age-of-anxiet

The Second World War gave all Europeans a hitter lesson. They doubted and despaired of the nature and future of the human race. They became

conscious of the problem how unreliable and unpromising European civilization was.

1980

中學會考試題預習專欄

附加數

(+4)

明德出版社埁便康提供資料

Additional Mathematics (19) C. Y. Shum

Mill & Dale Press Ltd Integration

Worked Examples:

1. Evaluate

Solution:

K

CoвJxein5x dx

0

cos3xsin5x dx

†(sin8x+sin2x) dx

0

- cos8x-cos2x]

(costco10)]

·~ + [({ + 0 ) - ( + 1 ) ]

effect of checking aggression. 2. Find Sdx by using

No matter how precarioua, peace was maintained in such

a way.

7. Rise of the

United Nations

With the establishment

of this world body, one more stop was taken toward European political integration.

H. Beginning of the Cold War

between the Western and the Eastern Block

The war gave good opportunities for coMMONÍALA to plet against capitalist governments. In the end, many communist states were set up, such as Communi at China and the East Europeau Htales. In East Europe, Soviet satellite system developed. Communist succenses seemed to confirm Lenin's idea of the unavoidable success of Committe Soviet self-confidence and pover consciousness were strengthen- ed. Only gradually did the rs realize the dangers of this Soviet threat, As the Americans took up the job of restating Cumminium, the Cold War started. The Cold War was both a struggle af ideology (Eastery Comdjijā sim veraua Western ideals off freedom) and a struggle for shiver power (american influence versus Soviet influence). The Cold War tunk the form of:

1. n fight for prestige aud

a war of propaganda; 2. rearmument and build-up of nuclear weaponryz 3. Formation of alliancer; 4. technical and econesic rivalry (e.g. space exploration and aid 1.5 developing rations).

x-24

the substitution

2

t = x -24.

Solution:

2

t = x -24

.. dt

2x dx ➡ x dx =

at

-24

t dt

• +[st3] - £*

Alternative Method:

x dx =

x dx

Exercise 10

1. Evaluate

3 *(**) * 8(x2-24)

*-24)

-24

-24

*

C

Ans

神仙糖

en before.

(a)

sinx-sin5* dx

2. Evaluate

22

ain recoux đ

((cosx+006x) dx

and hence find the value of

0

Cox Coax dx.

3. Find the indefinite

integrala with respect to x

of the following functions by using a suitable substitution.

(a) x-/x2+1

(b) 4x-√3+4x

4. Evaluate

6

x dx

using the

substitution t = x-2,

1

dx

using the

-1

substitution x = 2sine.

5. Find the ratio of the

volumes formed by ratating the area endased by the

4

surve y=x*, the line

x=1 and the x-axis

(i) about the x-axis, (ii) about the y-axis.

1980

中學會考試題預習專欄

經濟 (十九)

明德出版社

┗陳勳

Economics (19)

提供資料

K. K. Wong & L. T. Chan

Mill & Dale Presa Ltá

The National Income

Concepts of national income and output

An individual's income is the amount of income derived from the performance of personal production services currently rendered by the individual, or, the income 'derived from the ownership of any factor of production used to assist production activities.

The aggregation of all individual incomes in an economy during a specific period is regarded as national income.

National income can be defined either na the money value of the total volume

of production of goods and services or the total of all incomes derived from economic activities during a special period, usually one year. It is the sum of all incomes (i.e. wages, interest, profita, rent) earned hy the individuala and firms in a given period. In an open economy, national income also includes net income obtained from the ownership of property or financial assets abroad,

National product is an alternative term for national income. It also regarded as the value of all goods and services produced in an economy in a certain period of time.

Calculation of the national income by either method should give the same total since the amount paid for any commodity comprises a collection of payments to the factors of production concerned with its production and distribution,

all such

income

to

paymenta

the

keçcming.

owners of the

factors of production

receiving them. Thus,.

'national income' and

'national product' are really

alternative terms for the

same thing..

Spending by the household,

business, government and International sectors

determines the value of goods

and services produced.

Jo sanTRA

Aggregate

goods and

gervices

produced

spending

(consumption)

Household

(investment)

Business

Government

International

(net exports ·

Aggregate spending equals the total value of goods and services produced and both equal to national income or national product,

National income can be

calculated in three ways:

a) Output approach

It can be calculated as the value of the outputs of all goods and servicea in the economy, net of indirect tax and subsidies, and corrected for inter-industry sales so as to avoid double-counting.

b) Income approach

It can be calculated an the total flow of incomes paid out to households in return for the supply of productive services, plus profits retained by firms as reserves.

a) Expenditure approach

It can be calculated as the sum of expenditure on consumers' goods and inveatment goods, government expenditure, and expenditure by foreigners on a country's exports less domestic expenditure on importa.

In principle, each of these methods of measurement should give the same result, since the flow of expenditure on goods and services must equal the sales value of those goods and services, which in tura must equal the incomes paid out by firms as wages, salaries, interest, dividend, rent, etc,, plus undistributed profits. However, in practice, because of measurement problems, the three separate estimates of national income usually diverge, and the value finally adopted in a 'compromise estimate' of the three.

National Output

National Income

- National Expenditure.