1980-02-11 — Page 22

WAH KIU YAT PO

would be an airforce once more, which she already bad one, under Hitler's secret orders, by 1935. Such were all the publicly aunounced aims of Hitler's foreign policy.

頁二第張六第日五十月二十年未巴

1980

中學會考試題預習專欄

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歷史

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History (18)

Philip Y. L. Woo

Mill & Dale Press Ltd

What-veze-the-nime-of-

Hitler's foreign policy from 1935 to 1939? Trace the steps

he took to achieve these aims in this period, How did Britain and France respond to these steps?

When Hitler came to power in Germany 1933, his publicly proclaimed policy was peace. *All that the German people

wanted, he said, was to get „rid of humilisting Versailles

Treaty terms imposed by the Allies on Germany in 1919. To Hitler, Versailles was a

shameful treaty. "Every problem that causes unrest today goes back to the defecta of the Peace Treaty", he said, Thus in 1935, he publicly said that Germany would no longer be bound by the Versailles Treaty that limited German armament buildup. In other words, the army's size would be determined by the Germans themselves. Instead of the 100,000 maximum laid down in the Versailles Settlement, Hitler intended to raise an Sarmy of half a million by military consciption. Nor Would Germany be restricted by

the size of its navy. There

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But in fact Hitler aimed at

more. His foreign policy aims, formulated long in his book

Mein Kampf before he became

chancellor, were of two kinds.

One was immediate and

minimal; the other was long-range and maximal. The -Bioinum-program_xan_the_union

of the German-speaking Austria with German Empire, a union that the Allies in 1919 forbade, despite the fact that the majority of the Austrians favoured the unification. The long-range program was a German territorial expansion into southeastern and eastern Europe that would provide space (Lebensraum) for large numbers of German settlers as well as raw materials for German industrialization, In addition to swallowing Austria, Hitler thus wanted to move into Csechoslovakia and, in the end, into Europena Russia. Far from just protect- ing some ethnic Germans in neighbouring countries, which was another of Hitler's publicly stated foreign aims, Hitler aimed at conquering non-German peoples, not just treaty revision, To achieve the goal, he was ready to go to war. He did not want a universal war, especially one against Britain. What he had in mind was a series of limited wars, localized,

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ones Bismarck used geruni fysi Germany in the 1860hrough territorial expansion, as.......

such, itler wished in his own words, to "secure" and preserve the racialbeh

Scummunity (of the Germans) and to ge enlarge it." These words. spoken by Hitler at the Hossbach meeting called by

ere

him in 1937, when the German A

Empire's aggressive objectives were secretly discussed and formulated in detai

wanted to create a Third Reich (the first Reich was the Holy Roman Empire; from the second was the German Empire from 1871 to 1918) that would last for a thousand years.

How did Hitle# try to fulfill these aims? By open violation of international agreements and by open aggression. Thus in 1930, Germany announced that she would no longer obey by the Locarno Treaty (signed by the European Powers to maintain peace in 1925) and sent 40,000 troops to re-occupy the Rhineland in direct contradiction to the | Versaille Treaty terms which hud demilitarized the area. Soon afterwards, an alliance and an Anti-comintern Pact with Fascist Italy were

formed, by which the two dictatoral states agreed to co-operate in foreign policy and work against the Comintern (an international communist organization). Previously, Italy's policy was to support Austria's independence for national security, which had the effect of obstructing

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Hitler's plan to an 'annex Austria before 1930, Now, the formation of this Berlin-Rome

Axis effectively removed the possibility of Italian

intervention if Germany should

attack Austrian

In 1938, the invasion of Austria took place, For many years, the Nazis had campaigned in Austria for Austro-German unification, As early as 1934, an uprising. directed by the Nazis was

ttempted-in-the-country.nama With ite failure, however,

itler knew that it was necessary to try to penetrate and control the Austrian government peacefully by Nazi wembers. By 1938, he lost his patience. To prepare for the annexation, Hitler assured the Czechs, Austria's neighbours, of his peaceful intentions. As for Poland, a pon-aggression pact had already been signed since 1934. Austria was therefore

isolated from any possible assistance. Then, the Austrian: chancellor was threatened by Hitler to surrender important government rights to Germany, Under strong pressure from Berlin, the legal Austrian government ceded power to a group of Austrian Nazis, who thereupon invited German troops to enter the country. Austria then became part of. Germany.

The expansion was only the beginning. The next target was the Czechoslovak Republic with its 3 million ethnic Germans living in the Sudeten area that bordered on Germnuy,

To arouse German patriotic

feelings, the German press

reported many examples of Czech

oppression of the ethnic

Germans. A Sudeten German

Kazi Movement under Henlein received increasingly active support from Berlin. Then, German troops vare mobilized and a demand for the cession to Germany of the Sudetenland was made, after the neutrality of Poland, Czechoslovakia's neighbour, had been secured by Hitler wh promised the Foles a slice Czech territory.

How did the Western Power: Britain and France, who were supposed to be the guardians of peace, react to these German aggressions?

With words, not acts. When Hitler disregarded the clauses of the Versailles Settlement, the powers only protested verbally. When this did not check Hitler, each of® the Western Powers took measures to defend itself aa best as it could: France by quickly concluding a treaty of alliance with Soviet Russia in 1935 and strengthening here: older alliances in south- eastern Europe, Britain by signing a naval agreement with Germany, When Hitler, reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936, there was no mention atz all of any action by the League of Nations, let alone of sanctions. All that thê! League of Nations could ta was to refuse to recognize the German territorial Amiru

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