1980-02-02 — Page 32

| 頁四第張八第

日六十月二十年未己魔夏

(十七)

歷史

明德出版社胡應亮提供資料 History (17)

Philip F. L. Woo

(Mill & Dale Press Ltd)

Major Problems In Europe Between 1919 And 1939

1. Intensified nationalist

feeling

The strong force of modern nationalism, which was rising in influence in the 19th century, grow even more powerful with the conclusion of World War I. This was because of both the American president Wilson's advocacy of national self-determination and the Versailles Settlement of 1919 which suw the idealistic principle fulfilled. The consequence of all this was that conflicts between national minorities and problems between countries over border disputes remained as serious as they had been, Hatred between the Germans and the French, for example, remained deep. Under the influence of ultra- patriotic emotions, the European masses were more ready to accept strong leaders who could bring national glory.

2. Disputes over the peace treaties that concluded

v

the First World War

The 1919 Versailles

Settlement left the European powers divided into two groups: those who

benefited by the prace

treaties (live France) and

who thus sought to preserve

BERT KARN

?

WAH KIU YAT PO

the existing order of things, and those who suffered from the settlement and who thus sought to change it (like

Germany). This explained why

France made alliances with

the smull East European

states against the possible revenge of Germany, and why Germany became unrooperative when dealing with France. If Britain and the US had given France greater guarantee of protection against Germany, the French might have become more friendly to Germany. Unfortunately,-both the British and the Americans declined a more positive and active role in European offairs.

3. The delay of the economic

recovery of Europe and the instability of the European economic system

As a result of the reparations that the allies imposed on Germany, the European economy's pace of recovery was somehow delayed. Since international peace and democratic experidens tation of many countries depended on a sound

socio-economic basis, the harmful effects of economic instability were great, The war-time destruction and post-war national complica- tion made orderly economic development difficult to carry out. Thus the European countries borrowed much vmoney from the US for reconstruction. As it happened, when the American economy collapsed as a

result of the Wall Street crisis of 1929, the European economy quickly felt the

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spread of economic disorder. All this formed the back- ground to the Great

Depression of 1929-30.

4. Unstable democratic rule

und its problems

Because of the lack of political experience or the part of the newly rigeu democratic countries,

there

was often the danger of the musses being led by irresponsible propaganda (for example, the radio). Democracies would then easily become dictatorships, as the dictaters could skilfully make use of such a political

5. The fear of Communism, the rise of leftist influence, and the deepening conflicts between political groups

The European povers felt very uneasy in the presence of the USSR, # Communist country. The capitalist European countries feared Communism, and the increasingly active part played by leftists in their countries increased such a fear. Political conflicts (at times even armed ones) became more frequent; rightist political parties (supported by capitalists) atruggled with leftist oaes (supported by workers). 6. The growth of class- conflicts between Europeans

Socially the same kind of division was visihle. As society grew wore complex, there were more people who disagreed with one another in attitude, depended on different means of living and belonged to different social positions.

六期星

The failure of the League of Nations

日二月二年〇八九一層公年九十六國民華中

Vilson had hoped that any problems created by the Versailles Settlement could be solved by this inter- national body. is hope. proved to be unrealistic. The lack of cooperation and the pursuance of individual, selfish interests among the great powers made the league of Nations incapable of any peace-making efforts. Germany

-

She strove for the revision of the peace...

treaty, which she considered unjust.

iritain

she tried to preserve a European balance of power through #policy of "limited counter-balance" (limited involvement in European affairs), so that comperce could flourish. However, problems arising in the British Empire tied down Britain's freedom of action in foreign policy,

France

The need for national security, the extent of the damage France had suffered in the war, and the wish for superiority were important factors shaping French foreign policy. In pursuit of these ains, France often disregarded the importance of Europea peace in general, Italy -

She felt herself to he unjustly or inadequate-

ly rewarded in the

Versailles Settlement for

the war-efforts that

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Italy had contributed. This gave Mussolini a

good political weapon to arouse nationalist sympathy for his Fascist Party. In the Moditerran- can, Italy was the rival of Britain and France. Soviet hussia

She was highly distrustful of the other capitalist Luropean povers. Through the Comintera (Communist International which Sovieti Russia dominated), she aimed at vorld Communist revolution, giving

support to cummunists in other countries.

The Balkan states -

They were separated into two groups: Yugoslavia, Rumania and Greece insisted on the existing order; Hungary and Bulgaria called for revision of the peace treaties that concluded the First World War. 8. The failure of general

disarmament --

Partly because of the heightened nationalist confrontation and partly because of national self-determination, general

di sarmanent was not achieved. In the 1930s, when Pitler st started rearming Germany, France and some of the East European states like Poland became more fearful and increased armament similarly, 9. The expansionist fureign

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