育教僑華頁三第張八第日八十月一十年未己屦夏 WAH KIU YAT PO 報日僑華
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Economics (14)
(十四)
K. K. Wong & L. T. Chan
(Mill & Dale Press Ltd.)
Q1. Discuss the advantages
and disadvantages of monopoly.
A. Advantages
B
In some causes
production or distribution can be executed more efficiently through monopoly. Excessive competition, which is often wasteful to the economy, can be avoided. By rationalising an industry, it makes possible the elimination of excess capacity by closing down production centres where costs are high, and
concentrating on production in those areas where costs are lower. Hence instead of all factories working below capacity, a smaller number will then be able to work at full capacity. Increases production efficiency and minimizes wastage of resources.
This
Under monopoly it becomes possible to reduce the number of varieties of products, whereas under competitive conditions each firm tries its best to offer as many models as possible. Standardization of the products enable a lower cost of production and economies of scale can be achieved. There are Certain industries such as
public utilities which cannot afford unnecessary competition or duplication. Monopoly is the best.
alternative in such
Industries..
It is often easier for
the government to
we control
exercise more
over the industry when there is only one producer. Sometimes, a monopolist engaged in large-scale. production may have the time and research facilities to improve his products. Disadvantages:
Even though the main purpose of monopoly is to obtain economies of large- scale production, it will be dangerous if the monopolist misuses his monopoly power by exploiting the consumers. It is true that prices are often higher and output lower than they would be under perfect competition.
Another disadvantage
of monopoly is that
consum ers lose some of
their freedom of choice,
and the assortment of goods
produced is not that
desired by them. By
limiting output, the
monopolist prevents as
large an amount of
resources going into the
production of his
commodity, and so
resources are put into
other forms of production
which consumers consider
to be less desirable.
When a number of
firms are competing against one another in supplying- the market with a particular product, each firm has a strong desire to make itself more efficient. However, under monopoly this incentive is less and there may be reluctance to abandon the older methods when new Inventions are costly. Q.2 Describe the functions of
wholesalers in the flows
of goods from producers to
consumers.
Functions of wholesalers:
(a) Providing expert
knowledge in buying
and selling
employment of
specialists is
The
2sing(sing+icos")
4sin
28
singticosz
二期星
日五十月一年〇八九一曆公年九十六國民華中
(2x+1
Squaring both sides,
(2x+1)2+4
(1-3) + 1+4y
sing
(1+icot)
essential when expert
4 [ ( 1-2y+ y2) +
knowledge of the
icot
Ans
commodities bought and
(6)
sold is required. A
cose-ising
wholesaler can often
4x+8y = which is the required locus of
Ans
serve this purpose.
(b)
Marketing the product
Wholesalers can.
often help the producers. by passing them
information regarding consumers' demand which he obtained from the retailers with whom he keeps in touch.
(c) Financing production and distribution. Generally speaking, manufacturers wish to be paid for their products as early as possible, while many retailers do not have enough capital to carry stocks of unsold goods. A wholesaler often. helps to finance both of the parties by prompt payment to the manufacturers and by allowing credit to the retailers.
(d) Preparing the product
for sale - After receiving the goods from the manufacturer the wholesaler often
processes or prepares the goods for sale before passing them on to the retailer. This may involve packing, grading or branding.
(e) Warehousing
A wholesaler can relieve the manufacturer of the trouble and expenses of holding large stocks by utilizing his warehousing facilities. Also, by supplying a regular amount of products into the market, the wholesaler helps to prevent prices from fluctuating unduly.
Wholesalers serve as
a bridge between the manufacturer and the retailer. The manufacturer generally does not wish to take up the distribution of his products and so he prefers to dispose them in large quantities. However, most retailers only afford to buy in small quantities. Thus the wholesaler forms a link between them and in this way helps to Satisfy the needs of both.
附加數
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Additional Mathematics (14)
C. Y. Shum
(Mill & Dale. Press Ltd).
Solutions to Exercise 1.(2) -C080-işinə
1
(1-cose)-igine
(1-cosu) sing
(1-cose. ising (1-co80)+isinė (1-cost)+isinė
(1-enső) -(isine)
1-cost+isinë
1-2cos8+cos U+sin 1-cos0+1sine:
20
1-(1-2sin-2)+i (2singens;)
Cose+isine. cose-isinë cogëzisinə
cost+isine
(cose) -(istne)
coao+isinə
2
cos 6+sin ü
cost+iaine
(c)
5441
5-45
and
5+41 5+41 5-41 5+41
254401-16
25+16
(b), |2−1|+|z+1| = 4 Let z = x+iy, we have
|iy−1] +|x+iy+1 |(x-1)+ïy] + | (x+1)+iy √(x-1)2+y2+(x+1)2+y2
Squaring hoti ides
(x-1)
16-8/(x+1)2+ (3+1.)2+y2
8/(x+1)2
(x+1)
= 2/(x+1)2+
Squaring both sides
(x+4)
4(x+1)
~18x+16 = 4x+8x+4+4y
e. 3x+14y
12
94401 41.
40
Ans
4+41
2.(a) Let z
now
4+41
4/2(cos45°+ Isin45o) 4/2ċigh5°
cos30°
isin30
-eis30
and is an ellipse
4-2c1945
18300
2-5cis (45. 2-6cis15
modulus z — 2/6
AGS.
(b)
arg z = 15 (1−1)(2+1)
3-1
341
(1+31)(3+1)
3-(1)
3+101-3
941
101
10
- 1 c1890”
modulus z=1
arg 290
cose+1ginë €68&=1sî not.
(c) Let z =
Ans.
cose+isine cosg+isinėč coax-ising cosα+isin
- cosǝC08.
C08 2-(isínα) i(cos@sino+sin@cosL)
cos &-(ising)
isingizio:
£us <-(isinx) (cos@cosα-sinesing)
22:
CON KIS in & ifcosesing+sin@cos2)
cos +sina
cos(8+2)+isin(944)
cis(0+α)
modulas z - 1
org z = 0α
2|z−2| = |z-6i|
Ans
Let z = xly, we have
2|x+iy=2] = {x+iy<hi| 2](x-2)+iy| = {x+i(y−6)] 2[/(x-2)2+y2]
2+(y-6)=
Squaring both sides,
4 [(x-2)2+y2] +(y-
-10x-1644y
242
2
x+y-12y+36
3x+5y +16x+1?y-20 – 0 which is an equation of a
circle with centre ,-2)
the complex number represented by its
centre is 5 25
iz+1
2
Let z = x+iy, we have
22+1
-42(x+iy)+1} - [(2x+1)+2iy]
√(2x+1)2+(2y) = - | 12+1] -1(x+iy)+1]
= [(1+y)+ix]
the given expressi
is given by
Which is the locus
歷史
Ans.
(十四):
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History (14)
Philip Y. L. Woo
(Mill & Dale Press Ltd)
CAUSES OF
THE FIRST WORLD WAR. 1914–18.
(B) Inmediate causes
1, The Sarajevo aasassination
⠀⠀ In late June 1914, an Austrian archduke, Ferdinand visited Bosuia. Bosnia was dominated by Austria, Serbia, which was an independent / state near Bosnia, wanted to unify the fellow Bosnians to become a larger state, since people e (in the two countries) were mostly Slave. Thus the
Austrian visit worke
as a challenge
by
wife were riding in a car in the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo, they were shot by an assassin,
2. Diplomacy
Austria believed that it was Serbia who planned the assassination, Serbia, however, denied all responsibility for the plot. Under the influence of the pro-war Supreme Council Austria was determined to teach Serbia a lesson, In early July, Germany promised doing so.
Austria suplah Kaiser::
Although the
expected a peaceful settle- cient of the crisis, he
thought he ought to honour the Dual Alliance with Austria and to show Germany's strength to all other powers.
o all othe ffe was,
venture some anyway. Austria then sent an alti
Itinatam to Serbia, Harsh denanda were given. Upon Serbia's refusal to accept all the demands, Austria mobilized her military forces in preparation for a war against Serbia.
The Serbia strang attitude might be due to the support that Russia night give in case an Austro-Serbian war broke out.
The other
tried to powers find a peaceful settlement. Britain suggested a conference, and France,
1 taly and Russia supported. They asked Germany to restrain Austria, Germany however, thought that the other powers were threaten- ing her in support of Serbia, Germany secretly encouraged Austria to teach Serbia a lesson instead. In late
July 1914, Austria declared war on Serbia, Russia, who had ambitions in the Balkan
areas, did not intend to stand aside while Austria
fought Serbia. Listening
to the advice of militarists the Russian Tsor ordered a general mobilization of military forces against both Austria and Germany. Why against Germany too? Because Germany was Austria's ally.
can see.
When knowing the Russian mobilization, Germany asked Russia to stop doing so and
nae to France.
i se neutrality. promi Why France? Because France. was Russia's ally. So you.
local conflict starting from the Sarajevo a8яasgination was enlarging. 5 Outbreak of a general war When Fratice and Russia ignored the German demands, Germany declared war on both of then. Germany expected to defeat France in six weeks and then turn all the forces to deal with Russia in the east. The Germany militarists believed this was the only way of fighting a war on twe fronts (in the west-France; in the east, Russia) successfullyz
4.
Germany marched towards France by way of Belgium. Britain, who had promised. France apport, was alarmed. Belgium's independence was internationally guaranteed; it was important to Britain's national security and
commerce due to Belgium's. geographical position which is close to Britain. Thus Britain declared war on Germany,
In summary, in slightly more than one month's time, the local dispute between
Austria and Serbia led to a series of events that involved all the Furopean great powers. A European War wàs the result
Responsibilities for war
(a) Austria's
responsibility
She enlarged the dispute over the Sarajevo assassination.All the... events leading to general war came from this dispute... Austria did so because of her
over-eagerness to recover declining dynastic prestige and to establish strong, political influence in the Balkans. To
pursue these goals, Austria was ready to go to war. The harsh demands, in the ultimatum presented to Serbia vere an example,
(b) Germany's.
responsibility
She was responsible for giving support to Austria, rather than... restraining the Austrian ambition. Secondly, Germany was the first power to declare war on other powers, ie, Russia and France. Only a formal declaration of var led inevitably to a
for all Europe, general war Also, the German march inte Belgium necessarily drev Britain into the conflict,
(c) Russia's
responsibility -
She was the firs great power to order a general mobilization. Although this did not
necessarily mean war, the measure enlarged the local dispute between Austria and Serbia to become an international one. Also, Russia did not do enough to restrain Serbia,
(d) France and britain
responsibilities
France did not effective moderate her ally. Russia, Britain did not firuly warn Germany against attacking France and Belgium Nevertheless, their A responsibilities were not
great.
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