1979-07-21 — Page 31

報日僑

六期星

日一廿月七年九七九一醫公年八十六國民華中

然

一而不加以密意。 的發生,必先有「因」,然後才有「果」。「果」人人可見,因則不可見,或可見而人不知,我知,

·意外事件的發生,麥面著來,完全由於出人意外所致,似乎防不勝防,而骨子裡,凡是一件事

人愿理不理,或無暇料理,因案甚多)。 出傷人。可見:謝因并非不可見,不過人們習悅於因,相顧少理而已。一按:有人發我無能,有 登上的大石,扼基鬆散、已蟒优下監的因,如果及時將它移去,以在就不會因風雨的沖擊下

深水埗區青年中心安排暑期活動, 不站得太近,配合工作,先消除意外的因,又何來飽受捕苦之果呢?(啟光) 人,得特別養心。若站得太近,他巧機蕃失靈,或閃接不及,那就倒),事後飽捩痛苦,假如事先 至於用其他的生產機板,操作的人,在意力集中於工作自裝上,在根破前後左右熬助工作的

發揮潛能增進友誼 培養羣體合作精神

然,由你事先不能預知過去未來,這麼一來,不幸紙成爲意外,防不勝防。 無諫者,與它接近時,你小心,而它的詡械失靈。「城門失火,殃及池魚」,那錘朗說你不幸4

·可能無暇及·成因車齡太老之故,低不怪,自然,出宮外的機會,比其他車輛爲大。其他小心 經常多攝坭土的車輛,第一年用當道,第三多用快,第三爲了加收入,對於機械的

先行消除意外成因

青年入廠工作要-

實操作常識 始可保障工作安全

認

·施然國來,對你說

PERRETER

成

做

它,

務,使區內之侶生獲益·

拨受報名,有興趣之下家庭,尤其一般工人 张,類活即止。”

那,你就是HD了, 現不牢利之源态中廉眠以才件件全能? | 惟報名將以先到先得餅,多年來沒有舉辦一前後,你有不甘,所的做法,或不敢效法 |年工成學生均可報名。 家必意于女暨新賞之年,由你做,又现者被入拍機?他說:「你亦可以 DREHEMAREN FUNKERNE. HEK EHELAIDES NEW-2--X 青年中心將於香假期間,繼治出貝中心存善於一便算。其他大雄關人一信以爲度了。另外一種 杜會酷利署蔡水埗[據散中心主任廖周一,你做安本部門的工夫。作狀時有人見,就不葵 舊書轉議運動歡迎工人子弟參加。」你忙時冇人冕,他 磚頭,不好意思拒絕。一張群來」。你不同意他

(一)的士够管|

·嫽合作精神,發獎共事

EZ AZ

谶委陈郡 - 純以版 超餘,打好米來加誓升一般心

種來印落缸憎管,如,有你呢, ∵人如象力装放工稱:週一路。暗

∵∵可新工康叫巡兄平自些的地 時種重郭,調升好作作你餛 道時 三人奭可他埋友見上多有一所

○人呀?不

思

者激

你表弟一

甘

報關的 拒被糖

。

拍6

現。張。不拒收我此

下手宛僭作

脚

開:

就去始!

工:

作。

見

冇蛇鼠

人

吓仔;管夫,休你

涯趣味無窮,野外競技目的使盛內同學 誼。內容包括:原始生疉期圈續推行此否服務,路不平坦释神一,朋友作,偶一些忙則可, 外淞能及增進彼此間友之愛丁堡友前會,將於變樣裝不信,你「見 幹什豋工作,例外的

躇

始

HJEZERABAF

利有批但份你不 b用益 張你不,自平 ※你理問是多佢的

知嘛,菜。

好嘅他換人

更

目了是打思,不咐有說的傳防,

一

可

外作定冮而伯

,

工

并

GRAI

H

安:重一現象,一方面是管理的

夏括勤號賽,洛裕等。 十九號二樓或再三的人,更換臉,開工的時工友的無知,所以才做 燮將租用大型中式遊艇,八一九四四格。(侯,他自己情故定制,一到汝處我咋,糾紛多多 。活動計有遊戲,水上活動,可過往夜洲街八 彼此方便 有無餡,另一方面,少數

行

地點 官塘一冰

九年七月十日。・

工友座談會

; 人物:陸大

,沒的到

火似陽驕

暑消餘工

康安保可

電晚示 彭意工暑當

年 見工點

炎炎

真三第張八第日八廿月六年未巴夏

*

商找工個知的累的嗜肚

度制理管事人立建

順自工工

利然作場

見意供提談座友工

巡香限 柏光明密地:

此菜糖的洞

- X

段宇

泪我,公司

桂刻束 易行你提酒

CARA BSE 比存。。

後的鼠水完皮内日

宜频的客不在酬金當難熱酷

浴路病,中間肥凉度

静改汙 洗香足用深。

潜水式

陳糕

爲優瓜,不特如此,而且可能是本加厲,令你談,此法除寶引。不過衣單出來時,熱由鹊起,亦不

一木·近好

王郭安嗪说]肚夲一疏夫」,你道氣頂不?」到附近公園子的核桃上留苦,由於空間蔭调,其

·蜚灣光:咁你又做一有橘木,沿比续中流快,而且是免消費的享受财

·陳脫水:你說的灘」甚密呀?

ARGAINER S

好,相信你亦知我於人陳服放本名義上是我現在戰日之中,應該談命,整发一些

;低要能力做得到的,部門的對手,莫

陛

9 FRE ASD

拘一時·因流。不受

I

亦可凉、黑糖

1979

中學會考試題預習專欄

世界歷史科(二) 建議參考資料

明德出版社提供

Describe the different measures

of economic policy adopted by

Soviet Russia from 1917 to

19392

Explain the reasons for the changes in the measures?

The important thing to emember in answering this question is that only the economic side of Soviet history in the period is required. Again, therefore, you must select what to say. It's...... advisable to describe the main economic measures and then explain why they were adopted immediately

If you find yourself at a loss in approaching the question, Start by taking a bird-eye view of the issue and ask yourself what in general could best. describe the economic history. of Soviet Russia. You should be able to know that in a communist country like Soviet Russia, theoretically, at least, private property is not allowed economic resources are shared, and central control is imposed on the development of economy, You don't have to learn these ideas from history books, your common knowledge will tell them. With these ideas in mind you can then review the period of Soviet history to see if the thearies are applicable and really carried out.

So after the successful seizure of power in late 1917, the Bolsheviks tried to put Communist economic theories into practice. The main economic changes were known as War Communism, called as

such because Russia was in civil war. Accordingly, private property in land was abolished, with all private and church lands transferred to some land- committees for distribution to the peasants. The peasants had to enter some government- established communes, according to communist

Workers had to theories. labour in very bad conditions. for the production of supplies. for the Red Army. The peasants, on the other hand; had to hand over all surplus grain to be transported to the towns for feeding the urban population.

All the harsh measures,

敏的種去

however, aroused deep resentment among the peasants. Some of the peasants even rose in rebellions against the Soviet government. Because of the

Civil War and the lack of enough manpower for agricultural development, the amount of cultivated land decreased,

War Communism had to be carried out because of the urgent need for the Bolsheviks. to fight the Civil War successfully but at the same time to put into practice communist ideas after the establishment of a new state:

"All this made it impossible for the continued practice of War Communism. The Soviet leaders realized Russia's backwardness and the harmful effects of the Civil War. Before -communist ideas could be fulfilled capitablist-like methods of economic development could be borrowed to re-construct a sound Soviet economy. This was what Lenin thought.

War Communism was followed by the New Economic Policy (NEF). The Policy was introduced by Lenin as a temporary solution to the serious economic problems facing Soviet Russia. In essence, the NEP relaxed the harsh economic policies of the past few years. Peasants were no longer forced into collective farms. Instead of requiring all peasants to send most of their agricultural produce to the state, the government now introduced a tax în the form of agricultural produce on a percentage of the production. The peasant could sell the remainder of his yields. In » industry, private enterprise on a small scale was allowed, and Some factories were given back to private owners for management. The motive was to increase industrial efficiency and production. Bonuses were given to the more hard-working: workers. In short, many of the capitalist techniques of economic development were employed $y the sake of speedy economic growth. In the main, therefore, the NEP was intended to re-build the weak Russian economy by allowing some capitalist methods to function and by temporarily“ suspending organization of the economy on communist lines.

The third major economic change occurred in about 1928. By that year, the harmful economic effects of the Russian.

井工就翻定之

Civil War had in general

become a thing of the past.

Lenin's NEP succeeded in

setting the Russian economy in order. It was therefore time to organize the Russian economy alone Communist lines, There was one thing, however, that. the NEP failed. As there were few consumer goods to buy, many Russian peasants ate their own agricultural produce · · instead of selling it. The result was a shortage of food supply. for the industrial workers in the cities. And industry Soviet Russia must develop, for only Industrialization would enable the country to become a great power. All these factors explained the two economic measures adopted by Stalin. collectivization of agriculture on the one hand and five-year plan of industrization on the other. Besides, because of personal ambition, Stalin saw that a major economic reorganization of the country could enable him to extend dictatorial control into every aspect of life.

Under the programme of collectivization, the privately owned land of the farmers was seized and grouped into state- nin collective, farms. The peasants became state- employers under strict supervision. The farms had to meet the requirements of agricultural produce that the government laid down. The peasant's income was a share in what produce was left after the collective farm had given the state an amount of agricultural produce Because of this program, millions of peasants were uprooted and deported, with much social violence and starvation. The results of collectivization were not favourable- because many. farmers passively disobedied the government, agricultural productivity fell rather than rising.

The Five-year plans were adopted to develop the Russian economy mure rapidly. Stalin, who came to power after the successful struggle for power with Trotsky, wished to put more attention on Internal development, now that his political enemies had been generally defeated With major industries in government hands, Stalin told the factory............... organizers what and how much be expected them to produce. Some targets were set for them to reach in 5 years. Steel mills, railways, coal and oil Industries and other industries were bailt The overall

無泡露

objective was to increase.

industrial production on all lines. A second 5-year plan was adopted in 1933 (1933-37), after the First 5-year plan had been completed satisfactorily. This time, Russia's military- Strategic Industries were Lemphasized. Production of

consumer-goods was developed. more rapidly. The aim was to raise the general standard of living in society, The third 5-year plan, which lasted from 1939 to 1942, also emphasized. military-strategic industries. The reason was the growing threat from Nazi Germany, which made it more necessary for Soviet Russia to strengthen her national defences.

Describe the background to the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO and the Warsaw Pact.

The background to the establishment of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization). and the Warsaw Pact formed part of the Cold War in post- 1945 Europe. · So you are in | fact asked to discuss the Cold

War with special emphasis

given to NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Remember to concentrate on the origins of (or

circumstances leading to the formation of the two treaties, not their effects or other things.

The Cold War was an unarmed struggle and rivalry between the Western powers and Soviet Russia in European affaris. NATO was formed by the Western powers like the US, Britain and France, while the Warsaw Pact was formed by Soviet Russia and her satellite states in Eastern Europe (which were Soviet dominated).

After the end of the Second World War in 1945, there began the rise of two blocs of power in Europe, the Eastern one dominated by Soviet Russia) and the Western one trying to resist Soviet expansionism. The Western European countries had the intention of strengthening their defences against the Eastern Bloc by coming into an alliarice, France proposed an alliance among European -countries only, excluding non-

European countries like the US.

But it soon became clear that if such an alliance was to be created, the US must be invited to join. This was because the

US had since 1945 abandoned her pre-war foreign policy of isolationism and decided to take up the responsibility of defending Western Europe.

against

Soviet

Russia. This

factor of American presence

made it possible for the

creation of NATO, since the Second World War had weakened the Western European countries and therefore given the US leadership in European affairs.

As for the Warsaw Pact, was generally speaking a creation for the sake of

Thus President Truman of the US announced the Truman Doctrine In 1947, when the American government promised to safeguard the security of Greece and Turkey from the threat of communism. In 1948; American Secretary of State Marshall announced a plan to help Europe in economic recovery. Both programmes aimed at containing the spread of communism across Western Europe. They meant, in effect, both economic strengthening and political determination to resist the communist evil. Logically, therefore, a military alliance was the best method for the purpose. It was this background that NATO became a reality in 1949. It was in the main a treaty of collective self-defence.

If any NATO member was under armed attack, the other. members would offer military assistance. Within a few years, the US, Britain, Canada, Belgium, Holland. Luxemburg, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, Greece, Turkey, Italy, West. Germany, France and Portugal had all joined the organization.

countering NATO, It was also, however, a product of the decision by the new Soviet leaders after the death of Stalin in 1953 to re-strengthen Russian power in Eastern Europe.

This was because in the early 1950s, many of the Eastern European countries began showing signs of disobedience to Soviet Russia. Thus by 1956, Soviet Russia had bound her satellite states ir Eastern Europe with a series ol military pacts, generally knowr as the Warsaw Pact. Countries like Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Rumania were members in this. mutual defence treaty. Unlike NATO, the Warsaw Pact was dominated exclusively by a single power ---- Soviet Russia. Before the Warsaw Pact, Soviet Russia had already been in general control of Eastern Europe. The formation of the Warsaw Pact was thus only a confirmation of existing relationships.