1979-03-29 — Page 31

適術美育教頁三第張八第 日二初月三年未已歷夏

WAH isolated and fretted into a rocky

1979

pinnacle which is usually termed a stack.. (FIG. 1D)

中學會考試題預習專欄

FORMATION OF THE STACK

地

理

儿廿五〇

Faults:

明德出版社李婉提供資料

GEOGRAPHY. (25)

SEA

Questions for revision:

39. What coastal features are

shown by the photograph below? Explain it's

formation with the aids of. diagram.

joints

ANS:

The features shown on the photograph are vertical cliff and stack.

This photograph is taken from Orkney, England.The region is made of well-bedded : sandstones, with vertical faults (FIG. 1A). As a result of marine erosion, vertical cliffs and stack are formed.

Being a headland, it is attacked by waves armed with rock from all directions. Wave erosion concentrates along the vertical faults, which is, the weakest zones of the region, caves are formed on both sides. (FIG,1B), When two sea-caves on opposite sides of the headland unite, a natural arch is formed. (FIG. 1C), With prolonged wave erosion, accompanied by other forms of erosion on the upper parts, the roof of the arch finally collapses.

The

end of the headland: is then

PLAN VIEW

Vertical:

Sea Cave.

Sea Arc

Stack

Vertical Cliff

40.

WAVES

WAVES.

This part. has bee eroded

awa

WAVES

In Hong Kong, rapid increase in population resulted in the development

of satellite towns in rural areas. With reference to to figure below which showS the land use of Shatin New

Town, explain

報日僑華

KIU YAT PO

(a)in what ways such a

A-NS.

development plan. helps

to alleviate the problems in the Colony. What disadvantages it has created in turn.

(a) Problems to be alleviated:

Overcrowdiness in the

urban area of Hong Kong around the Victoria Harbour has resulted in a lot of⠀⠀⠀⠀

environmental problems and social.problems as well.

With the development of the Shatin New Town, the problems can be alleviated to acertain. degree. The town plan: for Shatin New Town aims at

providing accomodation and adequate local employment. opportunities for 500, 000 people in a convenient and. attractive environment by 1985. It outlines ways and means by. which people will be able to use

all the area's available:

resources

efficiently and

日九廿月三年九七九一屉公年八十六國民華中

四期星

imaginatively, and it aims to create an attractive city appropriate to the district,

Land: use in the new. town is well planned. With the greatest.. proportion of land for residential use. Many better accommodated low cost housing estates and private residential

There

The

: buildings are constructed. (mixed with commercial land

uses at the lower floors. This encourages the out-migration of people from the congested urban areas around the Victoria Harbour, Housing problem, which has always been the most serious problem in the Colony, can be alleviated and people can live in an area with higher environmental standards. are also areas zoned for industrial:dses in the outer zones of the new town, this encourages the decentralization. of industry in the Colony. problem of air pollution in the urban area can thus be alleviated. Amongst the presidential areas and industrial:

belts, there is much open space and green belt, In doing so, unlike the urban area in the city centre, air there remains: fresh and people can live inv more.hygenic condition, is also land. planned for community uses. Facilities will be provided to meet all then: basic needs - safety, shelter, security, health, education, employment and recreation.

There

Detail examples can be bited such as the sport centre, which helps people to spend their Cleisure properly; clinic and

hospital, which provide

| adequate medical service for:

the people. All these help to solve. certain problems in the colony, e.g. the rate of juvenile delinquency may be lowered and the hygenic condition may be raised.

Coupled with the

developinent of the New Town,

transportation is improved. Ar the heart of the city will bea Town centre built around a

public transport complex incorporating the developed Sha Tin Railway Station and a central bus terminus. A new tunnel is. being widened and the railway will be changed to double tracking, These enable.. a smooth flowage of traffic and help to solve the problem of traffic congestion.

(b) Disadvantages Caused

Yet. on the other hand, the development plan. causes some dis disadvantages. With the expansion of the urban area and all the constructlonal works.. much farmland is lost and many houses. have to be pulled down. Compensation cost is considerable.

The farmers and

other residences should be resettled. The lose. of the farmlarids.which were mostly. former market gardening fields means an even smaller supply. of fresh vegetables and flowers locally. The farmers should find new work to do. They may be rather consérvative and are hard or not willing to adapt the change.

Although offensive industries and activities will be located away from 'the residential:

"areas and there is the

introduction of modern waste: disposal schemes, pollution: is still inevitable. The environmental beautyis threatened. Though transportation is plained to be improved, the fact that whether

it can cope with the increasing demand is still puzzling. Expecially during holidays and horse. racing days, traffic congestion is sure to be a

problem.

圓柱

形象思維和筆墨

段,吳道子有筆無誤、望容有墨無爭。所謂有爭 一家剂法對評唐代的作家吳道子與項容的作品,他稱之謂「無殿之詩一。 奥妙 j, 特別張關在繪搽上所起的作用,其末作,字來巫術地就說他的體會,所以從來對繪整,也 它的使命的。梁《兩朝)的鐡爭首先出[伏在他的「山水洞」中,對四時的山色,艾用交 藝術形體到展現藝術風格,沒有紙墨是完成不了 詩』,被贊嘆爲高度的藝術底界,北宋世家郭熙 我國的維織,從嘴色發展到經恐色。從塑柒意」,唐王維的詩與畫,是一詩中有變,旺中有

·文學須繪畫,在情意和境界的脚袂接:河

·謝稚柳

.坐安眞人肉身之所外望南(洪山出之十

一皆本于立意而歸于用夠.」,說是對形象的持牌 蒙恩雅一樣,正是抢造的形象思維,以說

「形似,見與兒童攤」。也就是說,對賞和評論 一就而傑子用坐。一去蘇東坡有兩句詩,「劉孟以, 于 特殊的思維方式,而廚張奈素對繪畫所提出的立,常要學約時辭,顯示了籤,也些不對的。

、否則就生點不起來。這正是與溫養遠的論證相 情調,這就是所謂的用筆。錘必須透過學來都 一乎形似,形似須全其骨氣,骨氣形似,皆本于立的在于後者,怎樣來發抒與證現形獠思維,在 「以唐張恣粱「隱代名記一中說:「與懲物必在將是思維的更高一層,事實上,形象思維更主要 [標準的e. 诱的桡括,正顯示許各自的兵照思難di 從筆愆遭個根本方面苦戰,是不能跳到它的藝術家思維,落到了「飛-J 和 Tj 這附搫字義上。 「毛箂在宣紙上寫出與出紙炭條寫生环高線的效果,表情,往往用「官飛色獅」這個辭。這在繪題, ,關鍵問題正在乎無語。這些事例證明,她正不黑惟在于这一形微的特有藝術恃旗,而文學的影 - 彩或 - 相舘重要的是供棠姿妙的眾鏧的特寫。我一是如此這般的。這樣,文學的形象思維將符合于 們經常能用鉛禳或桀倫性酸好的寫生,而不能用一熱熱的亞徽性。比如說,文學在形容风在喜好的 于相同而籓顯翻于一致。由此可見,藝術作品的,以籓墨來描繪形象,使人底接层到所描繪的形象 一作一試驗,然機複數一幅名作,就可以發現內容形象的傣術性的。交學以文字來旻形象,何人 八題材】吳海景之間的難易與高下,因爲內容易,從而想象所去迷的盡徠形是如此湓溵;而繪畫 繪就出現形,在于對形象的藝術思考,所描繪形象·鸿账用恿標,而形象的藝術性

一作 · 它的參衎地位正是從笨豬張妙而來的。可以以華麗直接描繪形象,是以浓墨的藝衡性來表現 術表現上所起的作用是居于重要地位,傳統的名,以文字的藝術性來表現形象的藝術性;而繪聲呆 「是粉蜚墨的够與不够,好與不好,挖的桀器在藝」形象思維。因爲,文學是以文字來盡形象,是 與無遮,有盤與無帶,並不作有無的太磷解,而是一面。兩者在具體的藝術表現上,又有各自的 之,對諾總的說讚,特別提出了「蝼想妙得」,而盡,礤的、淡的,乾的、遇的、伞後半淡與行的熱好形象,顯示苦思維在形換中的升騰幻化

·安臨盤,被推許「自蒼生以來所未有」的顧體的與柔和的、豪放的與清秀的,飛舞的與發重的一結論,都是特立獨行的風貌,以奇妙的禳基所發 ,是先要運用形象恩維的。在更早些時,東晉謝:粗的、細的、光的、毛的、尖的、國的、謝推一層為禽為,這些是今天所能見到的。這些藝術的 鄉,憎的艾是什麼呢?所謂立意也和文學上的形,這機就會總書它的藝術性,就会失去畫意與特情、落星爲格,邪ㄛㄜ」持形象,被推齐爲「神 盛的別林斯基,先後提出文學是以形象思維爲其在齋畫中當要练的降悴,却只有墨,但是不對的,寫照,正在阿臠中」。又诓裴桫像,頰上添三毛 ) 十八、十九世紀,窦國的意德、黑格爾,俄不,只是一段條,不就是俵恐的關係。略染一二分:顧世之驚人,且就點目跨,「傳神 “研究和熊累,對應來的現實表現與各種流派的致,用墨來表現籓自己,這就是寒,瀼述用骶表現 示將每一個作家是如此這般的運用各自的形象 一致的。也說明括來對 墨——這一基礎藝術的,箸證自始至終結合在一起,是相依為命的。唯一各料的成功作品中,給人以遵富多采的感覺,正 個,而生動的砷間,就要依靠灣妙的每懿來表現的作用,就有它藝衎的形象性,就有它的網格與」,焉維群作出了應史的特殊百款。 幅疑,不能琯求形似,更爾要的是要有生動的神█裕掉如意,當下走一條棧係,對表現對象辦析 這些幻化的邹和基,形成了千種流派,萬般風貌 *不用自己,那只是接被墨迅用來吸現象,這就 思維逄過各自的箂疆來賦予描繪的藝術特性的。

·在傳統的藝術作品中,包含千變萬化的箤飛「減箂」描繪人物,清初八大山人以淋漓水

毛癈柔軟而滿尖,不超過一定的鍛煉,很難 潔而不下隱的、爽利而潑辣的、寧靜而溫潤的。 「」,遏些是見于記載的。南宋梁格以粗細結合的 * 「頜者覺袢明殊勝」。南唐宋熙髅花竹,「以

·千百年來的傳統繪憂,從人物、山水、花易

半乾半濕的,慕而不怒放的,活而不板的、明

「股・所起的作用是主要的...

共通性,糖登的藝術形,早被稀蕸爲「富于玉露

·文學的老豕息維精費的很維思維,有它的

| 固地指出形象思維對繪藝術的特有作用。 「高魇界,所謂「躞想」,就是形象思維,更明

怎樣打輪廓?

「藏大師獎賞,遊俅表明也想使自己有所突破,然

一們的藝術生命是估案的,王舞台晚年對石蕊的聖

一,正是證之所指出的「膠越得。

·滑代的四王,對形象思維無所理解,因而

『而終于無所成就。,

升腾飛躍 運用形象思雃探器規律,菇此讓引和啓發,從而 維,佔得爲今天的製作供作案-爲今天如何來 所流衍的種種形盤與風格,正來自豐富的形象思 傳醜的繪盡,從工瓿到臚,從尅色水

光照等等。

欧就班的傳比方张,絕不是多於術枉路。

·驗來說,第一幅木炭素描插就是寫生雙人像,而緒也十分離祖。 筒的、卽:梅園、橫隔比例、內部小比例、輔助訂務、屈部倫廓、曲機、 位溉,例如燕常正中,完醉及大小會涼,這在繪畫長稱爲「梅號』,它指 無論獄的過棧何模型,或為生人機甚至整件,入手的步鸞內式是相: 完之後,你先端部眼前要礙的實物,預計將雲物擦上盤紙的大小和 不過先從幾何模型不爭,後及於五言,手脚等,到底是由涉入深、按,近查版,那時不僅肘部彎曲,連掌部也壓在蕭板上。越近越不能客則,身 ̇整常熬要端正。 當於攝影的「取一。

好,直到伸底你的手轉後木炭能接觸畫紙。有的人盤入神了,不知不覺服 “然而在開始動鋨之前,先得端正位置,畫板與者之間的距離越遠越

上面已經談過,爲何初學素括者最好先從石幾何模型入手。然後呢瘓健用來量度的一枝長針,通常用打毛衣的針就很好。準備了這些用之 後,便可以開始畫了。

·整紙大小的木城也戒。乎夾除了木炭擦膠或麵包芯以及木炭條之外,再 + 若無畫架,用盡瘉代替也行,對板勛話便找一塊平滑的相當於一張木炭

∵∵ 旣然無論對難的簡易會複雜,打綸以至

麻一粢以幾何模型係例吧,簡單易明 整光陪步樂相同,那麼,這一篇證明°F怎樣打輪。

怎样画?

的距離必須適中30 的東西小,塞了就大了,所以定天地統時,其開 點也必須在地觸上。這天地矮距離近了,賽出來 在度,其最高點不能高於或低於天種,反之最帜 缺,稱爲天極和地後,這天機和地運就財實物的 方法是在畫面上先定其高度,上下各一條橫

比須科學在極度其高融比例,然後才找到它正確 高度造你自己定的,關度就不能自己定了,

的强度和发挥兒?先拿把尺老近突物出景它爬寸

【尤其要多些,固然將整不同神陲,然而用比較 之 處亦多,到頭來不得不掉重新來過,這不是 「事侶功」嗎?還是和安勿躁,按步就能吧,

半功倍。鎖有些人良偉甚足,一下午就無成鞫 ,隨郎俊光暗了。訓練不足,目測能力差,詡 a雖然籣罩,却也不能忽號正確的步魘 - 否則

;訓練我們的手去正確地表逹。

店,素描的目的是訓 我們的眼去正地察 科學的方迭求證多些,減少謬誤是上。歸根結

烧何模型造型版純,不會迷亂初學的

祺財上了,你坐在位置上,圓柱頂部本來是 不能用尺位有黹點無時,第一,你移動旗點, 幾分高麽?當然不是,你乎根本不能有尺ei

.爱何模型大致上不會撥出:圓柱形,立方形、圓錐形、立體三角形和 很高的餡風形,走近君,預部的橢圓形哭了断了。其次,你現在畫密內靜

球形等等。其中以圓雠形最簡單,只得爾必綫和一條弧絕。

了頂部的韓圓形,透橢圓形正好與底部的弧可以兩相對照,彼此依證,

. 但要正確箤掘其形,却是圓柱形更容易,(凡)因爲它比圓饉形多:近去、爬上去地憾?

̇物可以走近去,常你苖案外的风景(例如]蛇大擬或一座山】,你也能走

經肯定就再不能移動了。蜢商

起關針鈉

:始釀尖方

磁粉

放.在地上或把頂的,它們的位置常常在岛上,酒樣的麵視位置是我們最終 行。為什麼點?因爲圓柱形類發我們生活娶用的液æ外,沒有人將統璃杯,是閱我的幾倍?(或幾份之戴?)(廿四)

·首先將圓柱龍梨致於樹點(邬愛者的購)稍低處,一般的矮質上就 上,然後將針公商量其高度,從有物最高點作遇始,有都離度 物袋右志评定,別鵡,針尖到大姆眷遷段距離便與實物的閣度,大概指在

「悉的位涩,所以圓柱形模型遂於矮以上比較好。距離則四五呎之間爲佳, 選了有不消楚,近了畫架沒地方放。然後你準剝豋深,變短,和木炎要能

金東方.

·軒尼詩選 金東方畫苑招生糖:五十十七四WORK

盡

黃作!