1979-03-01 — Page 30

中山僑團者節聯致,大會主席鄧航與旺

角民政主任劉淑儀女士。

頁二第張八第

日三初月二年未巴歷夏

WAH KIU YAT PO

郭日僑華

臨時安裝嗎,稅務無水無他情况。(本報記者攝

KCEDESOCKEN(+)ZBYCR

四期星日一月三年九七九一联公年八十六國民華中育教聞港

攝

即 「膑紅慇加盟。明天開始一響,正如艾宣傳粉句一 一下盤蓓鈞之勢,廣傳思一同,稱得必夜總會中 一會,在三月份開始,以,全以電視紅島麥育宽 、花都、芬鹳三大夜總一次不惜重金,刷新節目 國際機構屬下巒竪... 號三大夜竊會,今

國際豪華花都夜總會

四大電視紅星齊加盟 盧國雄黃愷欣賞麗嫦李龍基

本港新聞

&將跨期炸出品 先 行加盟,縱有多位杌前创煜;預料必可一新 笠爾姝、李麗基等四位一頭電視缸用作聚演是空 有做田雄、黃愷秧、一實在夜總會兩脂以大作

爆 靦 夜節 正粧

之女,紅目 如

#(HD) BERSEDERERH(217) RECEBEREKEZELEBEE

1979

中學會考試題預習專欄

地

理

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GEOGRAPHY (21)

31. Below are descriptions of the forests in Indonesia and New Zealand:

About 2/3 of Indonesia is under forest, yet only 3% of the total forested areas is under commercial exploitation."'

"At the early period of New Zealand's development, forested land blanketed about 70% of the total land area. Yet after a hundred years and more forested regions only amount to 23.2% of the total area in 1965.

a. Explain why so little timber resource has been exploited in Indonesia, while in New Zealand it is rapidly exhausted.

What measures have been undertaken by the two governments for any betterments ?

ANSWER:

a. Reasons for the small

exploitation of forest resources în Indonesia

The rich timber resource has been exploited very little because the trees are usually of mixed stands, making it difficult for selection. The thick undergrowth, the dense growth of climbing plants and parasites and poor communi cations make these forests difficult to penetrate or even inaccessible. The hard wood is also difficult to fell. Since population is sparse and "“. diseases and insects are wide, spread in this region, little labour is available. Moreover, in this primitive area, due to the lack of capital, only very low level of technology and poor technique are employed. Systematic development of this area is late because of the insular nature of the country, exploitation is limited to a few islands only.

Reasons for the rapid exhaust of forest in New Zealand

The rapid decrease in forest resources in New Zealand is partly due to the commercial exploitation during the Colonization of the European settlers. Lumbering is highly developed there since it is mainly temperate coniferous forest. The coniferous trees are soft wood, the trunks are tall, slender and thin, therefore, they can be felled easily. The usages of the trees. and the demand for them are high too, such as pulp and paper making and construction: Besides this, the rapid exhaustion is also due to the careless burning of the Maories, the damage caused by volcanic eruptions and the need for clearing for the expansion of agricultural and pastoral activities.

1. Measures undertaken by the

Indonesia Government

The 5-year plan and the 10-year development

programme set targets for the expansion of timber production. There are schemes to survey and exploit forests, and to

research and investigate into. forest potentials, e. g. for making rayon, paper, tanning, plywood and synthetic fibres.

The Forest Inventory and Land Development Centres have been set up by the Indonesian Government. They take up the responsibility to plant various species and carry out the work of reforestation. for industrial use and to control felling of trees. These work are helped by improved communications.

The government also encourages overseas invest- ment and introduces numerous Improved technology,

Measures undertaken by the Government of New Zealand

The New Zealand's Gov't has been keenly aware of the deficiency in timber production resulted from the indiscrimi- nate felling which leads to domestic timber shortages. Remedial measures focusing on reforestation and conservation of forest resources are being enforced. The New Zealand Forest Service, which includes the Forest Research Institute. and a staff training centre at Rotorua, was established in 1919. It is responsible for conservation of both natural and exotic forests, increase of forest resources and control and noxious animals.

32. Describe the main charac-

teristics of the physical lands- cape of a delta. Explain fully the formation of a delta

ANSWER:

Main characteristic features of of a delta

A delta is a lowlying swampy plain

built

up at the mouth of a river by its deposition. It is crossed by numerical levee-flanked distributaries. Remnants of the lagoons and marshes formed in its stage can be found. The

spits and bars. The shape and size of a delta vary according

Seaward edge of it the by

to the amount and type of loads deposited and the mode of accumulation. The common shapes of deltas are arcuate, bird's foot and estuarine.

Formation:

When a stream flows into a body of standing water, such as a lake or an ocean, its velocity and transporting power are quickly stemmed. If it carries enough load and if the estuary it enters is shallow and free from tidal current or strong ocean current, a delta will gradually be built. The stages in the formation and develop- ment of a delta can be summer ised as follow:

Stage 1:

At the estuary abundant loads are dropped. These loads will be coagulated when they are in contact with sea water. The river is thus choked and therefore branches out into serveral distributaries. Spits:

and bars arise and lagoons are formed. The levees of the river extend seaward via the

distributaries.

Stage II:

When more sediments are deposited, the lagoon will be gradually filled, and they become swampy. The delta begins to assume a more solid appearance.

Stage III:

The old part of the delta is slowly raised by further. deposition with the aid of the colonization of vegetation. Swamps gradually disappear and this part of the delta becomes dry land.

SKETCH DIAGRAMS SHOWING THE FORMATION OF A DELTA

Stage I: Lagoons are enclosed

Beginning of a lagoon

Land

Main river

knowledge. An improperly

plotted graph may lead to an inaccuracy in n answering ⠀⠀ questions on value determina- tion or a wrong interpretation of the process that the graph expresses. It is therefore suggested that in the construc- tion of graphs, keep the following points in mind.

1. Make full use of the graph

paper.

2. Select the correct axis for

each set of the data.

3. Choose a proper scale for

each axis.

4, Label each axis fully.

5. Plot each point with a small

cross or a dot..

6. Joint the small points by a

smooth curve,

Give the graph a correct title if possible.

You may have difficulty in deciding the correct axis for each set of data. Consider the following results of an

experiment which measures the mass of a chicken in grammes: at monthlu Intervals.

Sea

Levee:

flanked

distribu- taries

Month

Mass (grammes)

10 (on hatching)

10

15

2

45

80

120.

160

210

250

+290

300

Stage II: The delta begins to

assume a shape

Land

Land

ago

Spit

Filled in lagoon (swampy area)

Stage III: A mature delta

Land

Sediments

consolidated

生

物

agoon

(#)

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BIOLOGY (21)

Unit 12: Answering techniques

For

1. HOW TO DEAL WITH GRAPHS Graphs are useful in biological science.

since they can express results, changes relationships in a form which may be quickly under- stood by the reader. In the HKCEE, questions on graphs. are set almost every year. Candidates may be asked to answer questions on graphs. which are provided, or to contruct a graph from data given and answer questions on it after construction.

To Construct Graphs

The ability to construct graphs correctly is both necessary and advantageous, for several marks can be gained for technique and presentation without factual

The results, that is what the experimenter find out should be put on the vertical axis,

In this case it is the mass of the chicken in grammes. The horizontal axis is for the units which can be determined and controlled by the experimenter at the beginning of the experiment, in this case it is the time in months.

Mass in grammes

300

250

Vertical axis, for

the figures that

the experimente)

finds out

200

Joint the

150

a smooth curve

100

points by

Plot each point with a

small cross

or a dot

Horizontal axis: for the figures that can be controlled

3

5

.9

Time in months

1 Correct Construction

Of A Graph

To Interprete Graphs

When interpreting graphs, the following points should be noticed.

1. Make sure that you have

understood the meaning of each axis,

Analyse the graphs from left to right, see how the vertical value changes with horizontal value.

3. Make sure that you have got general idea on the whole graph before you write anything.

Refer only to the graph whe answering questions. Errors occur when candidates fail to understand the meanings of the axis. Here are the explanations of some terms which are commonly used to describe the axis:

A

Mass in grammes

14 O

1. Arbitrary units

Units for the axis are given in an arbitrary way. 2. Average

Average means the result of adding serveral quantities together and dividing the total by the number of quantities. e. g. The average mass of rats in grammes. the toral mass of rats in grammes the number of rats.

3. Net

Remaining when nothing more i's

to be taken away. e. g. The net CO2 uptake of a plant the actual amount of CO, taken in by a plant from the environment, excluding the amount of CO, taken as a result of respiration.

4. Percentage (%)

Percentage is the number for each hundred. eg. percentage of glucose in. solution: the number of grammes of glucose in 100 grammes of solution.

5. Rate

Rate means the change per unit of time. eg. The rate of water loss: the amount of water. loss per unit of time.

You may be asked to describe and explain the change that a graph represents. In such questions more märks may be gained if the answers. are presented in an order way. Consider the graphs below.

Fig. 2 How To Describe And

Explain Graphs Orderly The Order Of Description And Explanation Should Be:

1. the happening at X 2. the happening betwee

and Y

3. the happening at Y

4. the happening between

and Z

the happening at Z.

To answer questions such as from the graph determine the mass of the chicken in 7.5

months', find. 7. 5 months on the horizontal axis; with the ruler draw a line parallel to the vertical axis from this point towards until it reaches the line of the graph (figure 3). From this point draw ja line parallel to the horizontal axis and where this line meets the vertical axis is the mass required, it is 270 g. The same procedure is employed if the question asked determine the month in which the chicken is 100 g. the starting point is 100 g on the vertical axis, and the answer is 3. 5 months.

3.00

5

ممد

d

5

13.(25,4

Time in months

Fig. 3 How To Determine

Values From A Graphi

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