1979-02-24 — Page 24

頁四第張六第日八十月正年未己圈夏

1979

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HISTORY (20)

What were the chief features of the Meiji Constitution of 1889 and what was its importance in helping Japan to become a world power? (HKCEE 1972) The Meiji Constitution of 1885 was an attempt on the part of the Meiji leaders like Ito to satisfy the demand for 1. political power among some, discontented politicians at home and to imitate Western practice So as to win Western approval abroad Little wonder, therefore, the constitution was far from democratic and liberal. Rather, the opposite was true: in putting the

Emperor or at the centre of Japan's political process, the

Meiji leaders had in effect

continued and institutionized feudal Japan's authoritarian

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Additional Maths. (20)

=+)

Solutions to Exercise 10

1.(a) Evaluate

WAH KIU YAT PO

political tradition. Viewed - from this angle, the Meiji

Constitution did not make Japan world power, if indeed by a world power we mean one with democratic rule.

a

That the Constitution was granted by the Emperor to the people as a gift clearly illustrated this basically

316 13 15

六期星

the political acts of the nation.

But did such a constitution, even illberal, make Japan a World power? Much hangs on how one defines the term "world power" in the late 19th- century situation. If imperial.

conquest was a roust fer a country to become a world power, then the contribution

the Prime Minister) could in. practice ignore parliament's will in executing the country's state affairs. Not even the budget of the government was effectively

Controlled by parliament, as a rule provided that in case parliament rejected a budget proposed by the cabinet, the previous year's

日四十月二年九七九一曆公年八十六國民華中 育教僑華

Western Powers, on seeing. Japan's modernized political system, restored soverign rights to the Japanese after 1889. Unequal treaties that Japan suffered from were in due course revised.In 1889, she recovered judicial autonor (self-government in legal matters) from the West. In 1911 she recovered full tariff autonomy.

budget would automatically be used that the Meiji Constitution.

Illberal element. That the Emperor was declared to be "sacred and inviolable" showed how the throne was above the constitution and could therefore violate it. In terms. of practical power, the Emperor commanded the military forces and directed Japan's foreign policy. Most importantly, he appointed and dismissed the Prime Minister (who in a real democracy should be appointed by. parliament elected by the

people instead), dissolved parliament if he chose to, and blocked parliament in passing any law The parliament was indeed politically weak. This had two meanings. First, it had little power::

The cabinet (headed by

(cos2x+cos4x) dx

cos3xsin5xdx.

sin2x

Soluti

cosɔ̃xsinɔxdx

(b)

cos4xdx

†(sing- siu0)+1(s

The second kind of weakness that parliament suffered from was its limited ̈ representation of the Janpanese people. As it was divided into two houses and the Upper House

(House of Peers) consisted of life members appointed by the Emperor, only the Lower House was elected by the people. Even so only about 1% of the population could vote. The people enjoyed some constitutional rights, to be Sure, yet the government had the power of withdraw them if

necessary. All in all, with the rise of the genro (Meiji leaders who advised the Emperor on state matters behind the scene), the Meiji Constitution was not binding on

xa sdt

When

dt

The

had to Japan's becoming a world power was at best indirect. rise of Japanese imperialism⠀ in East Asia had, little to do with constitutional rule, the former. emerged in spite of, rather than because of, the latter. It is true that on the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War in

the Imperial Diet rliament) voted unanimously. for the government's war- efforts, but the parliament did not control foreign policy and was therefore not responsible for bringing about the war f a Western-approved political system (constitutionalism) was a factor of world power status, then the Meiji Constitution undoubtedly helped make Japan a world power, in that the

-area UAB. about y-axis

Volume formed by rotating area DBAC about y-axis Volume formed by rotating area OAC about y-axis

(1)2 (1) --f

xdy

(since volume of OBAC volume of cylinder)

-sino)

(25) (1)

(1-0), 4(0– 0)

cubic units

(Ans.)

(Ans.)

Since

in8x+ sin2x)dx

n8x + sin2x)dx

cos2x, cos

(coso tooan)

0 ) - ( + \)

(Ans.)

- ("zin2xdfsinx)

-(0-1)

(Ans.)

Alternative method:

Let sini =

c98xC093x= (cos4x+ cos2x)

cosxccs3xdx

(1) from the result

of first part (Ans.)

(a)

Let 1 = √x/x2 +

Let

- (x2 + 1) = at

tat

-Stat

(b) Let I√4x/3+ 4x dx

Let t

a (sinx)= 1

dx

dt

8x

4xdx= ådt

-J/t· Lat #fedt

When x

cosx

t.

- l'e2ar

COSX

4.(a) X=

2x dx

(Ang.)

(Ang,)

Let

When

2sinOcog0d0

29in@cos@de

ine

2ain@cos@de

cose

(1- cos20)no

0– isinge

(~- Ising) - (0– šsino)

(Ans,)

ΔΙ

ACCI

Volume formed by rotating area UAB about x-axis

dx

Scubic units

위

Volume formed by rotating

the required ra volume

1:3

(Ans.)

經

濟

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The National Income (Cont'd)

Use of national income statistics

Some national income mes- sures the flow of goods and services produced, its level can be taken as an indicator of the well-being of the economy.

The following uses are the most important:

a) It can be used as a basis for assessing and comparing the standard of living.

When considering the stand- ard of living of a people at any given time we must remember the difference between money incomes and real incomes and and must remember the distribution of income.

A wealthy nation may have its wealthy distributed evenly or unevenly. In comparing changes in the standard of living over the years the total population affects the average income, so that average income per head will be a more valuable indication of living standard than total National Income.

b) It can be used as an aid to government in planning the economy.

The national income figures are a useful base from which to start the control of the economy. By measuring what that income is we can see: what is needed, and what is possible to achieve in the future. The government becomes aware of the growth areas in the economy, and the areas where growth is less than average..

Limitation of national income

Each measure of national income is a rough measure of

Did the Constitution divid or unify the country? No simple. answer can be given. In some . respects it unified the country in that oppositions to the Melji state were limited to within The constitutional and legal ways. In some respects it

divided the country, witnessed, for example, the rise of parliamentary factions and constitutional disputes after.

Thus it is not easy for one to conclude that the Meiji Constitution strengthened: internal unity that contributed to the success of other mode "nization programmes the hallmark of world power. status.

1890.

the level of economy activity of the economy, however, a series of misinterpretations may result. The limitation are. summarized as follow:

a) Information is incomplete.

some income not being recorded, as for example when a person does a job in his Spare time for a friend or. neighbour.

b) National income does not

include all goods and services as it excludes the value of

most goods and services that do not go through markets c) Care must be taken not to

count the same article twice, for example, both the raw material and the finished product must not be counted? as this would result in the raw materiał being counted twice.

d) National income does not.

measure human welfare and the quality of life. It does not indicate the distribution of income among people. A transfer of money from rich. to poor by voluntary contri- bution or by government: policies may change welfare without changing national. income.

Factors affecting the level of

national income.

The size of the national

income depends on a number factors. They are:

a) A country's stock of the factors of production.

The entrepreneur, land, labour and capital and their quality, its natural resources, the skill of its labour, the extent and quality of its real- capital, and the amount of entrepreneural ability. For example, the quality of labour supply depends so much on the inborn intelligance of the people, that closely relates to the education and training of labour.

b) The state of technical know

ledge.

Nowadays, the technical progress has been improved rapidly especially in those well-developed countries. The most recent development of technology leads the introduc tion of automation in the control of machinery and the. adoption of division of labour System.

c) The political stability in the

country.

Economic progress is bound to be shown in a country subject to political upheavals. Country will suffer from political instability in her economic development.