1979-01-06 — Page 26

WAH KIU YAT" PO

報日僑華

日六月一年九七九一屦公年八十六國民華中育教人工

減淡

頁二第張七第 日八初月二十年午戊夏

BKENÉ

序

知級即歲求管

包止之使

在

心,假新界何耱堂會所磋酇「春節假營」,

提防因小失大

設計多方兼顧

·良好的設計,該」而其他各層呢?即供應

熟練工友經驗之談。

GMAULITZER-

者又可燾此互相交流生活體檢,開識更多新朋友

的市區,享受一片安寧舒適的團體生活,各參加」傳到似宜,治治耳塞, 營目的是使一般在前青年男女能於假日脫離繁好的藥,對安全。

DACLYSHVOR KENN

m此致包括住宿、膳食、行改及交通等一切費 ,額滿即止;收費爲社友十五元,非社友十七元來,「聰明」反被「聽 至廿五歲之青年男女報名參加,名顯只风八十人 路至因小失大。這麼一 序,務求使各參加者能盡興而返。敬邊年十七意外,弄到施救無路,

·閟營密目內容多妾多采,由導師無需安排標明,但如不必一翺發生 明」誤了。「倘官卽是

宜

滑設計,祗顧單方面

·詳情可致鹰三十六七三O九六內核十號京甲 三,可例其餘。(香光 第一樓地下;(四)鄀量开心——九龍蘇屋邨荷花椒之盆、或眼前之签,都 樓六楼,八三一高本中心——九龍馬圍邨英 二樓,六二)和樂中心——九龍官塘和樂邨居安 童軍知友肚材社——九龍覺士道九號童軍總會。世事往往如此。" 用)。報名章程及麥格可向下列地點菜取:一吃虧,吃虧卽是便宜」 非傘全的設計,學一

市

販 隊

̇工友座談會時間:一年,以不合篇 無價的開支,物質有

. 工餘座談交換意見要戒之在賭 工友多飽歷滄桑慣於適應環境

萬人世界 用度撙節可慳則慳 通貨膨脹物價上升

1979

中學會考試題預習專欄

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歷

史

HISTORY(13)

Philip Y...]...,Woo

My apology, first of all,

to the reader who was puzzled by last issue's sudden appearance of an essay on Hitler's form eign policy, which seemed an odd-man-out in the present co- lump's discussion of European history. It was all due to my being careless, and I hope that the essay had not confus- ed your understanding of the chronological flow of European history. This time we will: consider some of the broad historical phenomena that were common to nearly all Europe. în the inter-war period(1919-39). An analysis of these phenomena is the background against which Hitler's expansionism în the 1930s can be better under- stood.

MAJOR PROBLEMS IN EUROPE BETWEEN 1919 AND 1939

1. Intensified nationalist

feeling - The strong force of modern nationalias, which was rising in influence in the 19th century, grew even more powerful with the

conclusion of World War This was because of bath the American president Wilson's advocacy ef

national" self-determination and the Versailles Settle- ment of 1919 which say the idealistic principle falfilled. The conséquence of all this was that conflicts between national minorities and problems between countries over border disputes remained as serious as they had been. Hatred between the Germans and the French, example, remained deep. Under the influence of ultrapatriotic emotions the European masses were more ready to accept streng leaders who could bring national: glory.

2. Disputes over the peace treaties that concluded the First World War The 1919. Versailles Settlement left the European powers divided into two groups: those who benefited by the peace treaties(like Frence) and who thus sought to preserve the existing order of things, and those who Buffered from the settlem ment and who thus: sought to change it(like Germany): This explained why France made alliances with the small East European states against the possible revenge of Germany, and Why Germany became uncooperative when dealing with France. If Britain and the US had given France. greater guarantee of protection against Germany the Franch might have become more friendly to Germany. Unfortunately, both the British and the Americans declined a more postive and active role in European affairs.

7. The delay of the economic

recovery of Europe and the instability of the European

—As a res economic system

sult of the repartions that

the allies imposed on

Germany, the European enonomy's pace of recovery was somehow delayed. Since international peace and democratic experimentation of many countries depended on a sound socio-economic basis, the harmful effects of economic instability were great. The war-time destruction and post-var national complication made orderly economic develop- ment difficult to carry out. Thus the European countries borrowed much money from the US for reconstruction. As it happened, when the American economy collapsed as a result of the Wall Street, crisis of 1929, the Euorpean economy quickly

felt the apread of ecoponic disorder. All this formed the background to the Great Depression of 1929-30. Unstable democratic rule and its. problems - Because of the lack of political experience on the part of the newly risen democratic countries, there was often the danger of the masses being led by irresponsible propaganda(for example, the radio), Democracies would then easily become. dictatorships, as the dictators were skilfully making use of such a political weapon.

5. The fear of Communism, the rise of leftist influence, and the deepening conflicts between political groups – The European powers felt very uneasy in the presence of the USSR, a Communist country. The capitalist European countries feared Communism, and the increasingly active part played by leftists in their countries increased such a fear. Political conflicts (at times even armed ones) became more frequent; rightist political parties (supported by capitalsits) struggled with leftist ones (supported by workers).

6. The growth of class=

conflicts between Europeans – Socially the same kind of division was visible. As society grew more complex, there were more people who disagreed with one another in attitude, depended on different means of living and belonged to different secial positions,

France

Italy

involvement in

European affairs),

so that commerce

could be flourished. However, problems arising in the

British Empire tied down Britain's freedom of action in foreign policy.

The need for national security, the extent of the damage France had suffered in the war, and the wish for superiority were important factors shaping French foreign policy. In pursuit of these aims, France often disregarded the importance of European peace in general. She felt herself to be unjustly rewarded in the Versailles Settlement for the war-efforts that Italy had contributed. • This gave Mussolini a good political weapon to rally nationalist sympathy for his Fascist Party. In

the Mediterranean, Italy was the rival of Britain and France.

Soviet Russia - She was highly

distrustful of the other capi- talist European powers, Through the Comintern

(Communist Inter- national In which

Soviet Russia dominated), she aimed at world Communist revo- lution, giving communists in other countries support.

The Balkan states - They were

buyera and sellers, the total transaction will be very great. This means that cach

Thi of them cannot exert his personal influence on the market price of the product by increasing or decreasing its

output. Thus in perfect competition firms must take the price at which they are to sell as fixed and the demand for the product of an individual firm is perfectly elastic.

(b) homogeneous product Under a perfectly competitive market situat the product of any one seller must be identical with the product of any other seller, This means that buyers have no motive for preferring the product of one firm to another and if a firm raised its price, its sales. would fall to zero.

(c) free mobility of resources This implies that each required factor of production must be perfectly mobile.

separated into two groups: Yu-. goslavia, Roumania and Greece in-

(d) perfect knowledge of the

market

All buyers and sellers must possess full information of the commodity if the market is to be a perfectly competitive one.

(e) free entry by new firms

There should not be an

any restriction for the

entry of new firme into the market.

II. Imperfect competition

sisted on the exis- ting order; Hungary and Bulgaria

called for revis- ion of the peace treaties that concluded the First World War. 8. The failure of general disar-

mament - Partly because of the heightened nationalist confront- ation and partly because of national self-determination, gneral disarmament was not ac- hieved. In the 1930s, when Hitler started rearming Germany, France and some of the East. European states like Poland became more fearful and in- creased armament similarly: The expansionist foreign policy adopted by Fascist Italy and Nazist Germany - It increased

the the danger of war on

The failure of the League of 9. Nations – Wilson had hoped“. that any problema created by the Versailles Settlement could be solved by this international

onel bedy, His hope proved to be unrealistic,

The lack of cooperation and the pursuance of individual, selfish interests among the great povers made the League

of Nations incapable of any peace-making efforts. Germany - she strove for the

Britain

revision of the peace treaty, which she considered unjust. she tried to pre- serve a European balance of power through a policy of "limited counter- balance" (limited

European international scene.

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經濟 (十三)

Economics (13)

MARKETS

T. Perfect Competition

Perfect competition exists in a theoretical environment in which the following conditions are fulfilled;

(a) large number of buyers

and sellers.

With

large number of

met

In real life situation, the conditions of perfect competition cannot always be Whenever one or more of the above requirements are not satisfied, the market is. discribed as an imperfect on one. Imperfect competition can be classified into three types according to its degree " imperfection. They are: monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly.

(a) monopolistic competition

This has three fundamental characteristics: (1) there is a sufficiently large number of sellera so that each can act indepen- dently of the other firms.

(2) products from various sellers are differentiated,

(3) market entry of new firms in relatively easy.

In monoplistic competition, individual sellers can have influence over the market price. This is because when there is RD large number of their products or services, the product of one firm is not regarded as a perfect substitute of another.

An example of mono- polistic competition is to

be found in the retail trade. The ease of entry in this business results in excess capacity and differentiation may take the form of differ.... ence of Tocation

instan-

ce,

one shop being more conveniently situated for mome people), the general attitude of the shopkeeper. and the extent of the service available.

Actually, there are various sources of differen-

actuaT

tiation such as physical difference, Focation, service considera- tion, reliability, personal attitude, etc. In addition, price may affect the choice of products since many buyers prefer those sellers who offer a lower price. Since differentiation of product is essentially created by branding and packaging, marketing activi- ties play a major role in monopolistic competition in attracting customers to patronize a particular brand, (b) oligopoly

This is a form of imperfect competition in which there are only a few producera as compared to perfect competition where there is a large number of producers. A general feature of oligopoly is that the price policy of a firm is- influenced by that of its competitore. This can be subdivided into perfect and imperfect oligopoly.

(1) perfect oligopoly

In perfect oligo- poly, the commodity is homo- geneous and consumers have no preference for the product. of one firm as compared with another. This results that a price cut by one firm will lead to similar price cuts by other producers. Hence, the largest firm will usually become the price leader.

(2) imperfect oligopoly

In this situation, some degree of differentia- tion exists between the products of different firms Even a slight differentiation in the produt will make one product not a perfect substitute for another. Under these conditione, competition tends to be very keen and many firms may employ mass advertising or price-cutting strategies.

(c) monopoly

In the strictest meaning of the term, menopoly occurs only when there is one producer of a commodity for which there no

a situation often referred to as absolute monopoly. This in quite rare in real life to have only a single producer of a product and even rarer to have no substitute for the product at all. Thus the term monopoly is often used to describe forma of very imperfect competition as in the following situations:

(1) when one firm or group of firms working together controls a large proportion of the total supply of commmodity. For instance,

most of the world's supply of rubber comes from Malaya.

(2) when it is wasteful to duplicate a given service as in the case of public utilities.

(3) patent rights – a patent is a grant to the inventor of a new machine or idea, giving him a monopoly of its use for a certain period.

(4) others - a producer's monopoly in the home market

be protected from foreign Bay competition by means of a tariff on imports, thus giving rise to a monopoly situation.