1978-12-30 — Page 27

育教僑華頁三第張七第日一初月二十年午戊展夏

1979

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歷

HISTORY (12)

Philip YL.Wee

What were the aims of Hitler's foreign policy from 1935 to - 19399 Trace the steps he took to achieve these aims in this period. How did Britain and Frence respond to these steps? Ans.

When Hitler came to power în 1933, his publicly proclaimed policy was peace. All that the German people wanted, he said, was the revision of the humiliating Verasilles Treaty terms imposed by the Allies on. Germany in 1919. To Hitler, Versailles was a shame ful treaty.

* "Every preblem that. caussa unrest teday geen back

Treaty", he said. Thus in 193 he publicly denounced the clauses of the Versailles treaty that limited German armaments.

Henceforth, the army's size would be determined by the Germans themselves. Instead of the 100,000 maxínum laid down in the Versailles Settlement, Hitler intended to raise an army of half a million by consciption. Nor would Germany be restricted by the size of its navy. And Germany Would have an airforce ence more, which she already had one, under Hitler's secret ordera, by 1935. Such were all the publicly announced aims of litler's foreign policy,

But in reality Hitler ained at more. His foreign aims, formulated long in his book Mein Kampf before he became chancellor, were of tvo kinds. One was immediate and Minimal, the other vas long- range and maximal. The minimum program sought for the union of the Germ ai 13. —---- speaking Austria with the German Reich, a union that the Allies in 1919 forbade, despite the fact that the majority of the Austrians favoured the unification, The long-range program envās envisaged a German territorial expansion into southeastern and eastern Europe that would provide space (Lebensraum) for large numbers of German settlers as vell as raw materials for German în industrialization........... In addition to incorporating Austrie, Hitler was thus intent on moving into Czechoslovakia and

ultimately, into European Russia. Par from merely protecting some ethnic Germans in neighbouring countries, which was another of Hitler's publicly atcted foreign aims, Hitler's goal was in the end conquest of non-German peoples, not just treaty revi sion ... To achieve the goal, he was ready to go to war. He had no desire for universal var, especially one against Britain. What he had in mind vas a series of limited wars, localized, quick and decisive, like the o

...ones Bismarck used to unify Germany in the 18608. Through territorial expansion as such Hitler wished, in his own vords, to "secure and preserve the racial community (of the Germans) and to enlarge it.". These words were spoken by Hitler at the Hessbach meeting called by him in 1937, when the German Empire !s »bjectives aggression were secretly discussed and formulated in detail. He wanted to create a Third Reich (the first Reick was the Holy Roman Empire;from the second was the German Empire from 1871 to 1918) that would last for a thousand years. How did Hitler try to realize these aizs? By open violation of international agreements and by open aggression. Thus 1936, Germany announced that she

報日僑

六期星

Versailles, Settlement after the Poland'

WAH KIU

was no longer bound by the Lecarne Treaty (signed by

YAT PO

the European Powers to maintain peace in 1925) and sent 40,000 treeps to re-occupy the

Rhineland as a direct breach of the Versaille Treaty term which had demilitarized the area.

.Soen afterwards, an alliance and, an Anti- Comintern Pact with Fascist Italy were formed, by which the two dictateral states would co-operate in foreign policy and work against the Comintern (an international communist erganization). Whereas it was Inly's policy

to support Austria's. independence for national security, which seemed to

●bstruct Hitler's plan to an annex Austria before 1936, the formation of this Berlin- Reme Axis effectively removed the possibility of. Italian intervention if Germany

attack Austria, should. S

As

Its

(as only Russia was. war was inperfect, thus unwerth really in a position to;

日十三月二十年八七九一公年七十六國民中

28in's

tan0-LU.S.

(b) Putting9=22, înto (8)

DS45

1+c0845

unworthy of keeping. The second France and Britain were tes was the opinion that at least far away, geographically), a some of the demands of Hitler (like union with Austria and the protection of ethnic Germans living under foreign governments) were just and sensible. The third was the fear that a new war would destroy more than the First World Wardid, The fourth was the hope, especially streng in Britain, that if Germany was given back what she lost in 1919, then Hitler would step further agression and there would be a new period of peaceful co-operation. The fifth was the fear that if Western Europe fought Hitler, |Soviet Rusain would sit aut

the war and sovietize Europe when both the West and Hitler were exhausted.

conducting a series of talka with him, like meetings at Berchtesgided and Godesberg. In Septembers, the British Prime Minister Chamberlain

Thus when Hitler demanded the Sudetenland from-- Czechoslovakia in 1938, the And so, in 1938, the invasion of Austria took place, West reacted only by For many years, the Nazig had campaigned in Austria for Austro-German unification. early as 1934, an uprising directed by the Nazis was attempted in the country. failure, however, led Hitler to try to penetrate and centrel the Austrian government peacefully by Nazi members, By 1938, he lost kis patience. To prepare for the annexation, Hitler assured the Czecha, Austria's neighbours, of his peaceful intentions.

....

As

for Poland, a non-aggression pact kad already been signed since 1934. Austria was therefore isolated from any Then, possible assistance. the Austrian chanceller was teld by Hitler te surrender. important government rights to Germany, Under intense. pressure from Berlin, the legal Austrian government ceded pover to a group of Austrian Nazis, whe thereupon invited German treeps to enter the country. Austria had become part of. Germany-

Be The expansion was only

the beginning. The next target was the Czechoslovák Republic with its 3 million ethnic Germans living in the Sudeten area that bordered on Germany. To arouse German

patristic feelings, the German preas played up instances of Czech oppression of the b ethic Germans. A Sudeten German Nazi Movement under Henlein received increasingly active support from Berlin. The campaign of threats against Czechoslovakiä was intensified by Hitler at the Nazi Nuremberg rally. Then, German trespa were mobilized and a demand for the cession: to Germany of the Sudetenland was made, after the neutrality

of Poland, Czechoslovakia's neighbour, had been secured by Hitler whe promised the Poles a slice of Czech territory,

* How did the Western Poverà, Britain and France,

who were supem to be the

guardians of peace, react to these German aggressions?- With words, nét acts.

Hitler's repudiations of the clauses of the Versailles Settlement vere countered- enly verbal disapproval. When this did. net check. Hitler, each of the Western Powers helped itself as best as it could: France by quickly concluding a treaty of alliance with Soviet Russia in 1935 and strengthening her elder alliances in southeasterE Europe, Britain by signing a maval agreement with Germany. When Hitler reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936, there was noʻmention at all of any action by the League of Nations, let alone of sanctions. All that the League

•1 Nations could de vas te refuse te recognize the German territorial acquisitions. Many reasons explained this Western appeasement of German expansion. The first was the memory of the destructiveness of the First World War, and the general feeling that the

met Hitler at Munică. By a Munich agreement made Hitler £• C❤t all he wanted. In yielding

It claims, Britain and

France wished to preserve peace,

even at, the expense. sacrificing Czecholovakis.

Buy Hitler was not

Sund akia,

He

content. What he wanted the whole of not the S signed the Munich Agreemen only because in late 1938 he sensed that the German

people were not psychological15

ready for war and Italy,

Germany's ally, was unprepared for helping him militarily, Now, in early 1939, he decided

Secret orders were to act. made to prepare for the aggression. The Czech President was summoned ta Germany, and was forced by Hitler te autherize German treopa te enter Czechoslovakia. The German

troopa, did, occupying the capital, Prague, and Czechoslovakia was declared:

a Gernan protectorate.

The time, the West reacted differently. Hitler's pretense that he wanted nothing but the revision of the Versailles terms and the pretection of Gernans abroad could no longer be maintained. Czechoslovakia was Slavic territory, not German. Nor had the Czech lands at any time belanged to the pre- 1919 German Empire. The Appeasement policy toward Germany had to be abandoned. Thus Britain pretested violently, and as Hitler ke picked the next victin, paland, only 2 weeks after annexing Czechoslovakia, the West was on alert. Once again, a German campaign accused Poland of mistreating the German minerity in the country Once again, territorial demands were agde: Danzig— a town German im population but established ai a free city in 1919 te provide Paland with a seaport, and the "Polish Cərrider", alse created in 1919 to separate East Prussia from the- rest of Germany. On knowing these demands, Britain immediately promised Poland unconditional suppert against aggression, No similar premise on the part of France, was needed, since there already existed a France-Polish defense treaty, Assurances support were also given te Greece and Bumania by Britain, who at the same time i introduced a six-month. compulsory military training for all men over twenty as part part of the necessary military preparations.

Coifronted with such unfavourable circumstances, Hitler vas still willing to

came gamble. Before that, he to terms with one of the greatest enemies of Nazism

In August, Bolshevism.

te prevent Russia frem saving

pact with the Soviet Union was signed, by which the twen nations secretly decided in the division of Poland as well as the establishment of their respective spheres of influence elsewhere in northern and eastern Europe. Sėviet Russia's reasons for signing this treaty were many her resentment ever having been excluded from the Munich Agréement, her old and persistent suspiciens of the capitalist West, her awareness of her own military weakness after the Great Purges, her kope that she would gain an an onlooker in a var between Hitler and the West, andusst most important of all, her desire to extend influence in Eastern Europe.

As for Hitler;

he calculated that after having bought over Soviet Russig, the West would, like before, react to hía? anexation of Poland with empty words, out acts. He was wrong. The policies of Britain andfrance had changed. On August 30, German trespa invaded Poland. On September 3, after à demand that German troops be withdrawn from Poland had gone

ananswered, Britain and then France declared war ́en

Germany World War II had

begun.

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附加數學

Add.Mathe, (12) Solutions to Exercise-t

(a) sinex cosa

corü x=-s in2x-sin-2x

(I-(-2x))

* 8x-20(+2x)

3x=2ng+ (1+2x }

4n+1 T

3x=2ng-(2+2x)

(An-1)π 1.0

the general solution:

(4n+1)7 (4n-1) or

10.

tanx-cot2x=0

tan

xin (-2x)

__ (2n+1)J

B

the general solution:

_{2u+1}]

cos3x+cosx=2cos/2x

2cos

-cos 2x=0

cos 2xt cosx-1)=

cos2x=0 for:

2x=2n +1,

_{4n+1}π

Ans

An

the general solition:

(40~1)0 x=2nGor:

4 Given:as inx+cosy

becas 1-siny.

=(815x+C0sy)

x+28inxcos y cos

2 ={cosx-siny)

2

ny+s in y

in x+cos x+2sinx

cos y-cosxsiny)+- cos2y+sin y

2+1 -1

Again,

1-cos 135

f+cos 135

1cos45

1-cos45

2/2

√2+1/2+1_2+2/2+1

N2-1

2

2-1

tan 221+tan 57 -2√2)+ (3+242)

for

Sum of

Product of roots=1=1

Now, tan 22 tan 672°

6, the sum of roots and tan 2224 .tan 674

(3-2√2 ) ( 3+2√2) =9−8 the Product of

roots

and tan 671 tan-671

the required roots Ans lternative method:

for x2. +1=0

Put x-tan. 22, =3-2√2

If tan

1.8

tlien

a root

must satisfy the equation.

Now, x-6x+1

- = (4 — 2/2) ~ ~6 (3-2√2)+1

12/2+1 =0

tati

:19 a

Again, iut x=

cos36

+2√2}+1

(3+ 2√2)

=9+12√2+8−18-12/2+1

another

-2sin Deos'))

=c09(6+20)

-cos@coa20-sinės in26.

=cosU{ 2eos

(2sin(cos()

=cos({2eos

=cos0( 2cos-0-1)-2(1–cos_0)

Cos@

2cos

3.

10-2cos0+2cost)

-4cos

0-3cos0.

For the equatiori

8x -6x+1=0

Put x=cos, we hav hcos 0-ficos()+1=0}

Icos30-3cos0+=="

3

Comparing this equation with

3

cos 30=1 còs"9-

We have

80

cos #

271

0 (fin+2),

160° for n=0, 1, 2 x=cos40, cos80o or cos160° 766, 0.174 or -0. 940. ATIS

2c080-1+cos28

1.1.S. =1+ (Cus-0-8in2e)

From cos

1+cos28.

21+eos 20

we have

Cos

1+ cos 20

tting 0-5

so th

Ans

1+ cos

=1+2sin(x−y)+1 =2+2ain2+(-)-a

1-c0820 1+cos29

1-(1-2sin- 1+12cos 6-1)

√2+√2 _√2+ √2

ARS.