1978-12-23 — Page 19

化文育教頁三第張五第 日四廿月一十年午戊應夏

1979

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HISTORY (11)

The Treaty of St.Germaj

(with Austria) – vie

Austria had to give up. Bohemia and Moravia to the newly created Czechoslo- vakia, Dalmatia and Bos- nia-Herzegovina to the newly created Yugoslavia

(former Serbia), Bukovina to Rumania and Galigi a

to Poland. Italy receiv- ed some Austrian terri- tories (including the Trentino). The Austrian population dropped from the orginal 22 millión 6.5 million. As for.. Hungary, she lost

Croatia and Slovenia to. Yugoslavia, and Slovakia and Ruthenia to Czechoslo- vakia

The Treaty of Neuilly

(with Bulgariä):-

For the sake of crippl- ing Bulgaria's capacity of war in the future, she was forced to cede: four strategic areas in North Macedonia to

Western

Yugoslavia.

Thrace was given to Greece.

The Treaty of Sevres (with Turkey) *ək, In this treaty, Turkey. suffered from territor- ial losses given to Greece: Some Turkish areas were placed under British and French super- vision: The Straits

(between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean) were open at all times, as supervised by an international commission

evaluation of the Versai- les Settlement

The Settlement had been sub- Ject to heated controversy

since its existence. In the 1920s and 1930s, many Euro-

and peans felt it unjust. therefore unworthy of pre- serving. To them, Germany. should not have suffered as she did.: This partly. explained why Hitler's expansionism in the name of redressing the Versailles humiliations was unopposed. in the second half of the. 19305. After 1939, with Hitler's aggression nakedly

showing itself, people

began changing their view on the Versailles Settlement.

sand” said it was not so bad

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after all. They began taking into consideration the tre- mendouss that en- 1919 peace- makers. A more understand-

countered

ing approach was taken to look at the 1919 peace- making. The question that was asked was no longer: How could the peacemakers have worked out such a bad peace? It became: despite the great problems, how surprising it was that the peacemakers managed to make a peace at all?

Merits of the Settlement A. Better. fulfillment

of nationalism and national self-deter mination - The newly. emerged nations in Eastern and Central Europe after the collapse of Austro- Hungary demonstrated the unmistakable, victory of nationalism as a political

A larger proportion. of European people than ever before. when compared pre-1914 conditons succeeded in setting.

up governments of their own...

The modernate side oỀ the peace agreements Some of the treaty terms historians think them harsh, but in some respects the Settlement was moderate. France. "for instance, had hoped

to take the left bank of River Rhine from Germany, and other powers (principally Britain and the US). checked her attempt. Similarly, Upper. Silesia (formerly German) was originally given to Poland - Under- British insistence,

however, Poland got only 1/2 of the region in the end

Establishment of peace No matter what defects the Settlement had, it lived up to its most important aim - that of giving Europe a peace that concluded the First World War..

Demerits of the Settlement A. Political instability

in Central and Eastern Europe - The small, new and democratic. nations that were set up in Central and East- ern Europe had shallow. democratic tradition

and could easily become a dictatorship. Where¬ as before 1914 Austro- Hungary performed a stabilizing function

in the regions, after

1919 the political

instability there

invited Hitler's ag

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31-100

gression first and Soviet Russia's

communization after

wards... Creation of German, grievances Germany

had recieved harsh treatment in the Settlement. Many German people there fore welcomed a strong figure like Hitler who could get rid of such a national humiliation The territorial Tosses of Germany. gave Hitler an excellent excuse to commit expan sionism in the. 19 306.

Conclusion: good or bad?

Just as the Second World. War was not the unavoïd-

le and sole result of First World War, so as the Versailles Settle- ment not responsible for:

every single problem that arose in Europe between 1919 and 1939. How could. we put the blame on the peacemakers in 1919 for

failing to foresee "the rise of a Hitler or the disastrous Great Depression in 1929-307 How,indeed, could Cermany be treated as an equal of the Allies as if she had not. been defeated when in fact tha Allies had emerged victorious. in the First World War? The Versailles Conference in 1919. was a moment when there were the victors and the vanquished, and like all peace settlements in history, the vanquished should- be, as indeed they were, subject. to some kind of puristument. Article 231 was a necessity to justify the need for Germany to pay the reparations, and reparations of such a kind were what the people of the Allied powers wanted in the first place, If the peace-

makers had forbidden the Eastern European peoples to set up their own governments. we would have condemned this as Conservative and reaction- "ary. Now that nationalisu

was given chances to fulfill itself, we became critical of the harmful effects effects that became obvious only after 1919 True. enough, the Versailles Settlement had its weak- nesses, but such weaknesses: were not unexplainable and not ununderstandable. Only when we look at history more impartially do we begin to

know the meaning of history

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附加數學

Add. Maths (11)

雄蕊

六期星

Trigenemetry (11).

Worked Examples:

1. Find the genera of sinx+cos21×0

Solution:

日三廿月二十年八七九一曆公年七十六國民華中

+84 +21-8t+1=0

which is an equation with

roots

and

aslution

*cos(3-(-x))

~COS(1+x)

Taking 2x-2n^-

2x=2n+(

tang

·New

sin20-}

20«n^+(-1)=-

0-(-1)

X-2

__(4m41) If

with 0, 1,

the

required roots of the

equation STC

tan tan

Taking 2x=2nT−(y+x)

4n-1)TMa

general solution

.38.

y_(^n+1)"}

An

2. 11.

reve th

t(1-t

(1+t

起心動念舂佛號,到臨終時,佛號自然不拋起,只要放下了末轉了自

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Hençe find the roots

the equation.

Solution:

81120-2sínucoas

where to

131

an

and tan

Exercise 6

Find the general selations

the following equations

(*) sin2r+c@s3x=0 (b) tanx-ce12x=0

(c) css3x+c

2. If sinx+c

and

22-3-0.

3.

2tang

1-tan

2+

(b)Using (1) prove that

tax 221 +tau 673-6.

Deduce that tan

tan 67 are the roots

2

1-2

4t (1~t

Put sin29-1

Express cosɔ̃0 in terma

Hence selve, the

3 equation 8x2-6x+1=0

giving the roots oørre to 3 decimal places.

5. Prøve that 2ces 0=1+ces20

and hence deduce that

√2+12

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