1978-12-02 — Page 35

育教僑華 頁三第張九第二日三初月一十年午戊瑟夏

1979

中學會考試題預習專欄

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歷

史

HTSTOPY (8)

Show how European expansion.in Africa during the period 1870 1914 affected international re- lationships before the outbreak of World War I. (HKCEE 1975)

Whereas before 1880 the old imperialist powers like Russia, Britain and France had carried out colonization of imperialist: expansion in Africa: without serious clashes among

them, the entry of new competi- tars like Belgium, Ttaly/and Germany after 1880 resulted in a "scramble for Africa: that poisoned, one way or another, the relations between the Euro- pean Powers. In particular, it was King Leopold of Belgium who first. dreamt of building. a strong empire in Central. Africa, and who thus encouraged, -for the purpose, the formation

of an International African Association to penetrate into the Upper Congo Tegion by oute wardly promoting scientific work thereé. Other powers reacted to this Belgian ad- vance quickly, The French proclaimed a protectorate over

the north side of the Congo, while the Germans. turned the Cameroons, which was close to the upper reaches of the Congo. river, into their own sphere. In an age when protective tariff had replaced free trade and national rivaly was severe, Africa became a ground on which

the Powers struggled for both political and economic suprem macy..

Although the commercial interests of Belgium, France and Germany had evidently conflicted in the Congo region, a compro- mise was nevertheless teached when Bismarck, supported by. France, called together an international conference at Berlin in 1884, by which the navigation of the Congo and Niger. rivers was made freer Yet, as it was agreed that European claims to African territories must be backed by

effective occupation to be

offically recognized, an in- tensification of colonial:

WAH KIU YAT PO

報日僑

scramble in Africa occurred. In East Africa, Britain explored. Kenya in 1884, which provoked Germany to extend influence over the area south of the British spherein the same year. In

West Africa, Germany proclaimed a protectorate over Tog@land, which was situated between the regions of British interests in Dahmoey. Thus Anglo-German rivalry in Africa.

In

- In North Africa, it was Ttaly and France who came into. conflict with each other. 1871, Italy sent an expedition. to Tunis, hoping to annexit eventually. This was opposed by France and Britain. Britain, in particular, promised France a free hand in Tunis. Thus from 1879 to 81, Franco-Italian rivalry in obtaining concessions* Jike: railway rights took place. In the end, France won out, Tunis accepteda French protectorate in 1881.

※

During the 1880s, a con- test between Britain and France over Egypt was evident. Before 1881, by skilful manipulation, both Britain and France had managed to establish a kind of joint financial control, or "'condominium', peacefully in Egypt. In. that year, howevern after disturbances broke out against foreign control, Bri- tish troops were landed to

defeated: protect the Suez Canal, the Epy tian forces, and occupied Cairo, the capital. Then, Britain informed othér European. Powers that her troops would remain in Egypt to support a new government. The French, who Temained unmoved at the beginning: of the disturbances, now attempt- ed to resume the "condominium" relationship. They were in- formed by Britain that France had forfeited her rights. Anglo-French antagonism grew. To compensate and in revenge for this failure, and knowing. that her chance of regaining

· influence in: Egypt was mini- mal, France challenged British colonial interests by infiltrat- ing.the.Upper Niger region in West Africa in 1883 and became seriously interested in making Morocco in North Africa a

protectorate.

Such Anglo-French rivalry lasted. well into the 1890s, which culminated in the Fashoda, Incid- ent of 1898. Fashoda was in the Upper Nile region and the Sudan. In: that year, while British soldiers were advan-

cing slowly up the Nile river,...

they were confronted by French troops and a French-supported Ethiopian force at Fashoda. Both sides refused to retreat. While Britain regarded. the Upper Nile basin`as part of Egypt under British control, |France. argued that the region

should properly belong to

Turkey, pretending to be de- fending rights for the Turks ∵∵but secretly advancing French

influence in reality. AD acute crisis occurred between Nonethe- Britain and France.. less, as France was at this moment troubled by domestic affairs and could find no. support from Russia, war was avoided when the French forces were ordered to evacuate.

Anglo-French conflicts were no less in West Africa...y Partly to forestall the French, Britain proclaimed a protec to-

Niger region in Lagos (Gold

rate over: 1895 and.. Coast) a a separate British co- lony in 1886. France was alarmed, and through military campaigns, took the Ivory Coast and Dahomey by 1890. But as many of her possessions were separated by those of other countries on the coast, France now, sought to join them in the interior. A rueh developed between France and Britain to "sign charters with local African

rulers. In 1897-8, the French efforts to: connect territories on the Upper Niger with Dahow mey met with British opposition, which finally led to an Anglo- French. crisis in Western. Nigeria。 Yet, like the Fashoda Incident, it was nevertheless settled peacefully. Indeed, Anglo- French guarrels in Africa were

In 1889, Being patched up.

an agreement that recognized. each other's sphere of influence between the two countries was Teached.

After 1900, it was Franco- Germany civalry in North Africa, especially in Morocco, that arrested international attention. According to the Madrid Con- vention of 1880, leading Euro- pean Powers and the USA had agreed to respect the inde- pendence of Morocco.

if Despite

•this, France and Spain secretly devised plans to divide the place between them if local -authority should collapse. 10 Thus, when in 1905 the French made new demands on Morocco.,共 for reform, Germany suspected that this was a Franco-Spanish. plot to partition Morocco that

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infringed upon German economic in terests there.

A circular that advocated the calling of an international conference.. at Tangiers was sent by Germany: to the signatories of the Madrid Convention. At first, the French decided to refuse the. conference and make use of the Anglo-French entente signed earlier in 1904 to threaten

Germany, if necessary by force.. Realising that Russia, France's. eastern ally, had been greatly weakened after defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, the French government finally agreed to attend the meeting, which managed to settle the dispute.

in

But Franco-German tivalry. was not in the least relieved. In 1908, for example, after France had arrested several German deserters from the Fore- ign Legion in Marocco, the Kaiser asked for a French apo- :logy. Tension was once again

increased. The dispute was settled only after the matter was referred to the International CCourt at the Hague. Then, 1911, after France had sent trbops into the Moroccan. capital to protect foreigners from a local tribal disturbance, Germany feared the establish- ment of a French protectorate.. and sent a gunboat to the har- bour of Azadir. A crisis occurred. Both France and Ger. many considered seriously the possibility of war. : Germany stood down only after Britain was determined to lend

support to France, fearful that Germany would establish a naval base. at Agadir to challenge British naval supremacy. The result of this crisis was to add to the German resentment against the. Anglo-French Entente, all the more so when Frence eventually turned Morocco into a pro- tectorate. Such were the important disputes between European..

Powers in Africa. To be sure, none of then were so serious as really to bring about a war. As already mentioned, crises were usually settled. peacefully. Colonial exploi- tation was not among the vital interests of the Great Powers, and was unworthy of waging a war. But even if conflicts in Africa did not directly and actually bring about a

rivalries between wwwld var. ru

the European powers in Africa

had the effect. of hastening

the division of Europe înto

long run. (between Austria

and Germany) in 1883 partly

as compensation for"}} disappointments to get

Tunda of North Africa. de the same manner, the willing ness of Britain to end her isolationist policy and to enter into the Triple Entente with Russia and France in 1907 was due to the British fear of German expansionism in Africa. Conflicts in Africa made it necessary for the Great Powers to seek for alliances

so as to frigten off enemies." While the successful Powers were eager to safeguard their gains by making alliances with other powers, the unsuc- cessful imperialist nations felt insecure and tried to find compensation elsewhere. After the Fashoda Incident, France, far example, renewed her in terests in the sensitive issue of Alsace-Loraine in Europe

(Alsace-Lorraine was ceded to Germany hy France in 1871.and had since then become a problem that might lead to a second Franco-German war). As the

scramble for Africa continued. the decreasing availability of territory made conflicts and tension among the Great Powers all the wore frequent and severe.

Indeed, continual great- power rivalries in Africa tended to draw together Powers of the same alliance for common pro- tection. Thus the sudden German intervention in Morocco, which created the Alegeciras and Agadir crises of 1906 and 1911 respectively, tightened the bonds of the Franco- British Entente. At times, expansion in Africa helped bring about disputes in Kurope itself. Thus the Italian attack. on Tripoli in North Africa in 1911 was a contri- butary cause of the Balkan Wars. And more, imperialist conflicts made armament necessary. Eure opes potential for war was therefore enlarged. The de- cision of Germany to build up a large navy after 1898 was partly caused by her inability to Intervene against the Bri- tish in South Africa after 1895.

But however harmful European

in Africa was to

international rela-

o, colonial: rivalry was ̇tionship,

only an indirectfor undertying cause as far as the outbreak.

of the First World War in 1914

was concerned. In the last

the alliance blocs in the voice red was

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