1978-11-04 — Page 32

其四第張八第日四初月十年午戊修复 WAH KIU YAT PO

1979

中學會考試題預習專欄

Add. Matha.(4)

Solutions to exercise2

1.

y-1-(14)2-1

a

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„(141)2

附加數學

(四)

2-1.

48

and y--1-1

-J15. ita

Ane.

(-1)

Ana

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歷史

(四)

(HISTORY 4)

5√No15+15-15-3√15.2√13

2- 2√3-1

12+4.5+1 13+4√T

Ans.

a+2jab+b

2

2. a) let the

quare rest of

12-6No3 be JT-JY

1.e.√12-6√3-π-Jy Squaring both sides, 12~6√3=x+y=217

-(1).

-(2)

for

**y#12

√xy=3√3⇒ xy

=27 Selving (1) and (2) fe

y, we have x=9, y=3

the required square is 19-13

Ans,

b) 3√3+2\6=√3(3+2√2)

Let √3*2√2=√x+√y

Squaring,

3+2.

(1) (2)

Selving (1) and (2),

square

of 3+2√2 −1+√2 and square rset of √3 453

ex

the required

square root

T3(1+F)

e) Let √1+

Squaring,

141-1

x+y=1

.2

4xy-1-8 From 1 and

.•. - _4±√16-16(1–2) 1-

takingr-1+*

Philip Y.L.Woo

THE REINSURANCE TREATY, 1887

(Germany and Russia)

1. Background Russia did not

know that Austria and Germany had concluded the Dual Alliancé of 1879. Germany intended to continue the link with Russia by a separate agreement. This seemed urgent by 1887, as the Russian press was actively.. anti-German and was advocating a Franco-Russian alliance.

Contents If either of the two powers (Russia and Germany) was at war with a third power, the other would remain neutral

Results Through this Rein- surance Treaty and the. Dual Alliance concluded with Austria earlier in 1879, Bismarck succeeded in playing a game of "double-dealing".

A. Neither Austria nor Russia

realized that they had separately allied to Ger- many.

B. Bismarck would have more freedom of diplomatic action in case any Austro- Russian conflict broke out (1.e. 1f Austria attacked Russia, Germany could remain neutral according to the

1887 treaty, if Russia attacked Austria, Germany would help Austria according to the 1879 alliance.) C. Although Russia and Austria were frreconcilable rivals, Bismarck nevertheless succeeded in keeping them friendly to Germany, thus isolating France. Even though Germany was allied with Austria, Bismarck succeeded in preventing Russia from allying with France, a possibility that. he feared most (because Germany would be sand- wiched between two enemies). Yet the Reinsurance Treaty was unethical from a mort point of view, because of Bismarck's opportunistic. policies.

| NEW GERMAN FOREIGN POLICY AFTER

1890

Bismarck fell from power in : 1890. The new, young Kaiser, William II, reversed many of Bismarck's cautious and

realistic policies. Unlike

the required square root is Bismarck who pursued limited

厚厚

√y+1−√y+15-

√y+1+2m/y+15

Ans

Squaring both sides

y+1+4+4√y+1=y+15

2 √y+1=5

Squaring DI 4(y+1)=25.

Ane

2√y=3+√hy+5=17

√4y+5-17-2√y Squaring both sides

4y+5–289+4(y-3)~68,

y=3×16

Ans.

3-19 *(1+)

Squaring both

32-1(1+)2

aims in foreign affairs and

concentrated German attention

In Europe, Willian II adopted the following aggressive policies:

1. Naval build-up

Before

After

1890, because German in- terests were mainly con- tinental, Britain was not greatly alarmed by the German domination. 1890, however, Germany began building up a large navy to protect her econo- mic, colonial and political, interests. This aroused British suspicions and in the end drove Britäin to Join the alliance camp of Russia and France (see below).

Colonial expansion — Ger- many also engaged in colon. ial expansion, thereby run- ning into conflicts with Britain, the traditional colonial power. The Kaiser William II always used threat

threats to achieve some un-

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limited ains in colonial acquisition.

3. Abandonment of the link

with Russia - In 1890, W11- liam II refused to renew the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia. This had the effect of encouraging Russia to form an alliance with France as substitute, what Bismarck had feared most. OBJECTIVES OF FRANCE'S FOREIGN POLICY

1. Recovery of the lost pro- vinces from Germany - Ia 1871, France ceded Alsace- Lorraine to Germany as a price for defeat. 'Hence, forth, the French Republic had always wanted to recover these provinces from German hands. This phenomenon of Franco-German hatred con- tributed to the growth of the two rigid alliance. systems in Europe,

Escape from diplomatic isolation Bismarck aimed at isolating France by allying with Austria: and Russia. France's re- lations with Britain were poor because of colonial conflicts. One of France's objectives in foreign policy was therefore to free her-

self from such a diplomatic isolation.

3. Colonial expansion →→ In-

compensation for her defeat in 1871, France soon deve- loped a large territorial empire in Indo-China and North and West Africa.. THE FRANCE-RUSSIAN ALLIANCE 1894

between France and Russia) 1. Background - Because of the new, aggressive Ger- many policy by William II. Russia began feeling the need to search for an ally other than Germany. As for

France, an

an alliance with

Russia suited the French foreign policy. Both France and Russia were anti-German in foreign affairs (Russo-German relations grew badly in the early 1990s); it was natural that they alljed with each other,” As an act of friendliness, France made a number of loans to help Russia with famine relief and to' build the Trans-Siberian Railway. Contents

A. Entente cordiale (1991): First, France and Russia entered into. a

diplo- matic agreement for Joint consultation in case there was any threat to peace. Military alliance (1894): Then, the two powers agreed in 1894 to help each other if either was attacked by Germany (whether Germany alone or all the three powers of the Triple Alliance). The Franco-Russian Alli ance would last as long as the Trile Alliance existed.

(To be continued the next issue)

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經濟

Economica (4)

Division of labour.

1. Introduction

Human being are interdependent because we cannot live without the help of other members in the community

all specialize in some sort of jab in the society in order to produce some useful commodities or services.

We

cannot produce all the goods and services we need for our survival We can only take part of the production activities and create the need for exchange with

others.

Therefore, specialization into

career is essential.

For the same token in modern economy, the production operation are so complex that there is

日四月一十年八七九一层公年七十六國民藓中育教筐奉

an increasing use of

capital in production.

and the adoption of maus production system.

Usually the production activities are divided. into different proces908 and sub-processes in which every process is assigned to particular group of workers or individual. Therefore, only a small part of the work is undertaken by one person or a group, each of whom specializes in a single proces's,

By the same way, because of the existence. of international trade system, different commodities are produced by different countries, depending upon climate, oil, availability of raw materials and labour.

It is also said to be a kind of specialization into different countries Definition of division of labour

A. In a narrower sense,

division of labour means that the man- ufacturing process is broken down inte a series of separate activities, each of which is performed by a separate operation carried out by

particular person or particular group of workers.

In a broader sense, division of labour means the separation of production into.... different stages and sccupation, which are carried out by. differnat firms in manufacturing. industries such as the spinning sector, Weaving

sector hitting

sector and garment making sector.

In the broadest sense-

division of labour. may refer to inter- national division of labour which is the origin of international. trade. It means that each country specializes in manufacturing on one product and exchanges it with the other countries through international markets. Consequently, each country would obtain comparative advantages from the exchange behavior.

Aims of division oflabour

The main aim

of division of labour Gáystem is to increase

output. In other words, it can increase the

th productivity by making full use of productive resources including labour, land,machinery and equipment so as to increase the quantity of the products and to improve the quality of products. As a result, through, the division of labour, production be- comes more efficient and effective.

production process of

car manufacturing is an example.

C. International division

of labour

It refers to the specialization of part icular trade or industry by the special country. Since modern technology has developed special- ization so that the geographical special- ization becomes possible. For example, each country would specialise in one' product which is world. famous. Scotch Whisky, and Swiss watches are demanded everywhere.

5. Advantages of division

of labour

་བ་

Types of division of labour

A. Simple division of labour

It refers to the specialization of one trade and industry by a particular specialist. or firm or manufacturing unit. For instance, in the economy there is natural division of pabduction performed by various firma and people, such as engineers, bakers

shoemakers and. carpenters, etc.

: 1::,་

B. Complex division of labour It refers to the specialization of more detailed processror sub-process by particular firm or production unit, It is the further division od work into particular aspect of a spcial trade. Usually, the production processes are more complex. The breaking down of

increase output

B. great skills of

the workers because of practcing

D.

E.

'G.

a saving of time

by keeping to single process:

make full use of

machinery and equipment provide more employment opportunities to the specialista

standardize the quality

of the products. the workers would

become less fatigue

by maintaining the same pace in division of labour system. reduce cost of production

For international specialization of labour, each country. can fully utilize

its productive resources and there are greater comparative advantages over them,

6. Disadvantages of division

of labour

A. monotony of the work

B. greater risk of uneneloy

ployment because of highly specialized. employme

C. loss of job satisfact

lenda to decline of craftsmanship:

if there is delay in completing one part of work, the entire production schedule would be hindered, E. the woækyrs may suffer

from occupational disease 7. Limitations to division

of labour

Although the divîs- system is generally of caben used in modern. manufacturing industries; there are some limit...) tien.

The extent of the market

Since division

of labour allows mass production, the putput of production is increased in largé quantities. There is a problem that some s goods are not in mass demand such as bacón cutters, han slicers, etc. In other worda the market demand of these goods may not need the mass production system, Sometimes the manufacturing can be performed by sele producer to the best of his ability.

Technical impossibility

Sometimes it is difficult to subdivide

a production pricesS into a number of sub- processes. When each process has been reduced to a minimun activitiy, it is impossible to make

further divsion of

labour possible.

C. Greater risk in. Production Because of the breaking down of production activity, the production of large output becomes more risky, Entrepre.... neurs vill suffer from any economic declines such as inadequate monetary system, inflation problem ́and unemployment

problem