真四第張七第日七十月九年午戊夏
1979
中學會考試題預習專欄
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地理
GEOGRAPHY (2)
Suggested answers:
"a, Air Temperatures
To measure air tempera-
tures, the following instru- ments should be bought:
1) An ordinary mercury thermo- meter, to measure current air temperature or the temperature at a particular time.
2) Maximum Thermometer to
mossure maximum temperature.
3) Minimum Thermometer to
measure minimum temperature.
DIAGRAMS TO SHOW THE THREE TYPES OF THERMOMETERS
MERCURY THERMOMETER.
Mercury in stem
MAXIMUM THERMOMETER WITH CONSTRICTIEN
Constriction
Mercury
Break in mercury thread
MAXIMUM THERMOMETER WITH METAL ÎNDET
MAS-T" Metal Inder
Minimum- THERMOMETER
Alcahot
MINY
Metal Löden"
Procedure of Setting Up All the above intruments should be housed horizon-
tally in a Stevenson Screen.
2) This is done since shaded
temperatures are required.
3) The Stevenson Screen is a
Wooden box whose roof is double boarded with an air space between so that the heating effect of the sun can be minimized.
The: louvred sides allow the air to move freely so that the air inside the sorren has the same characteris- tica as the air outside.
5) The screen is painted white
to improve insolation.
WAH KIU YAT PO
which dips into a container of water.-
a) The difference between the
two readinge
indicator of the humidity of the air:
-if there is no différence
the air is saturated -if the difference is
large - humidity is low -if the difference is
small- humidity is high
The actual value of rela- tive humidity is obtained by checking the reading from a book of tables.
c. Amounts of Rainfall
To measure the amount rainfall, a rain gauge is necessary.
A RAIN GAUGE
Funnel
Copper cylinder
Glass bottle Outer coppe čase
Procedure of Setting Up
In setting up the rain gauge the following points must be noted:⠀
1) It must be put on level
ground.
2) It must be placed in an
exposed position, far away from any objects which might affect the amount of rain- fall collected. If the buildings and trees are present, the gange must be positioned away from them at a distance of at least twice the height of these objects.
3) It must be sunk in the
"ground to prevent it from
being blown or knocked over.
The top of the funnel must be 30.8 cm (12") above ground-level, to prevent rain nearby splashing into the jar.
2.
The screen is mounted on a atand to avoid heat reflect- ing from the ground from influencing the thermometers directly.
I
7) It should be positioned
in the most open and exposed place with its door opening to the north to prevent the sun from shining into the screen whilst readings.
taken.
are being ta The readings should be re- corded daily at a fixed... time, preferrable in the morning. After recording,
the maximum thermometer should be reset by using a magnet (for the one with a metal index) or by shaking vigorously for that with a constriction) and the min- inum thermometer should be reset by tilting it gently.
b. Relative Humidity
To measure relative humi- dity, a wet-bulb and dry-bulb thermometer should be bought.
WET-BULB AND DRY-BULB THER.
wick
`Dry-bulb thermine¿Es
Mentury:
・Wet-bulb thurmometer St-water
Precedure of Setting Up 1) It should be housed in
the Stevenson Soraan, too. 2) The bulb of the wet-bulb
thermometer should be kept moist all the time by covering it with muslin
(a) The three types of natural vegetation
111
Equatorial rain forest or tropical rain
forest
Desert or Arid Type vegetation Coniferous forests or Cold Temperate Forest
(b) Occurrences of the
Foresto
E Equatorial rain
forest
Desert vegetation Coniferous forests.
(c) Ways to Adapt to Their
Climatic Environment
Equatorial Bainforest
The forests are rich and luxurant.. Because of the ideal climatic conditions – with high temperatures and abundant rain- fall throughout the year, the growth of trees is rapid. As there is no dry season, the
The trees trees are evergreen. are tall and straight. The branches and leaves appear near the crown so as to com→
The pete for light and air. leaves are broad with drip- tips, or glossy or leathery, -go, as" to shed rain-water - or
to enable efficient photosyn- thesis. The height of the
報日僑華
日八十月十年八七九一腊公年七十六國民肇中
No. of
bubbles
intensity released
三期星®
Distance Relative (d) (om)|light
(10am-2)
per min
2.8
20
4
30
6.3
50
11
80
100
120
plants have deep and branched roots to penetrate underground in search of water supplies. They develop waxy or thorny leaves, some vith sùnken stomata to reduce transpiration. Some of the plants have wax covered fleshy stems to store water. Some plants hayo wide- spread network of surface roots to absorb dew moisture. Some plants remain dormant for years awaiting the infrequent rain showers. Their seeds are protected by an impervious |coat. Immediately after rain,
the seeds germinate and bloom, rapidly complete their life-
trees requires the development of large buttress roots for support. Many of the tall trees are used by climbing plants, which are also striving to win light or air, or are parasitic for nutrition. Thero is very little undergrowth except along river banks, because very little light can penetrate the thick foliage to reach the floor. In swampy area where the ground is boggy, the roots are strong and long to support the plants well above the water, In some cases, the roots are aerating for breathing purpose. There is a lack of undergrowth for the absence of light.
II
-
Desert Vegetation
1
Because of the aridity in the desert, the plants are drought resistant known as xerophytes, The plants are usually low. Some of the
JAGAKA
a.
16
25
State the purpose of
üsing dilute sodium bicarbonate solution.
b. There is an experimental
condition which surely. affects the result of this experiment.
(1) What is the condition? |
育教學
Leaf parts Ay C, F and
Hare green, leaf parts B, D, E and G are non- green.
a. What is the use of KOH
solution in this experi- ment?:
Which part(s) of the leaf will turn blue-black if the leaf is tested for starch with iodine solum tion?
What conclusion can be drawn from the resulta in (b)?
Suggested answers:
cycle before dying down. Some (2) How does it affect the experiment? To provide carbon dioxide
plants, which are known as halophilous, can thrive on areas of saline soils,
III Coniferous Forest.
The trees are usually conically shaped, with springy or downward sloping branches to prevent excessive accumula tion of snow. Since there is low precipitation in the told temperate region, the bark of the trees is usually thick, their leaves are needle shaped so that loss of moisture by transpiration can be reduced. Moreover, the leaves are usually covered by wax to pro- tect against frost damage, Tree trunks are flexible and slender, so that they can stand well against the strong winde,
Roots are usually shallow and widespread, that allow the trees to absorb water above the frozen sub-soil. The seeds are usually protected in cones to suit the severe coldness.
Questions for Revision's
3.
The figure below shows the temperă tures of three cities and their locations. Discuses the various factors giving rise to the differences in their temperatures,
TAM. TEMP. JULY TEM CITY Tokyo
25% Lanctions 0.5% [28.J°C° Foschoo
·2.7.9%
Lanchow
Below is a graph showing relative area cropped by two principal agricultural crops in Hong Kong. Name the two crops and give a reasoned account of the changes.
AREA IN THOUSAND HECTARES
1956
1966.
YEAR
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生物
BIOLOGY (2)
Unit ONE: Futrition
(-)
4. The following graph shows the apparatus used to mea- sure the rate of evolution of gas bubbles from a plant with a source of light at varying distances from it.
tést tube
gas
dilate NaнCO solution
plant
lamp.
(a) distante
Result:(light intensityal/d2)
(3) Suggest a method to
reduce ita effect.
. (1) Name the gas in the
test tube.
(2) How can it be tested? d. llame the physiological
process involved in this experiment.
e. Using the above result, construct a graph which shows the effect of ligh intensity on the rate of bubble-release,
Describe and explain. the
curve.
g. From the graph you have drawn, determine the 'number of bubbles role- ased when the distance is 35 cm. 5. A potted green plant was placed in darkness for 3 days. A number of discs were, then cut from ite leaves using a cork
er and divided betw., number of clear glas flasks. The discs in the flasks were treated as shown in the following diagram.
Flask A
flask
the floating disc
distilled. water
Flask E
the floating disc
glucose solution.
Flask
ļdisc
boiled and cooled dis-
2. setc of flasks were pre- pared.One set of flasks was placed in total darkness while the other set in con- tinuous light, After 3 days the disos from each flask were tested for the presence of starch. The results are summarised below:
Flar 'A'
Flask B
Flask C
+
-
light dark
starch presen
starch absent
a. (1) What was the purpose of placing the plant in the dark at the beginning of the experiment ?
(2) Explain the process
which occurred in the leaves to achievo this purpose ?
b. Name the reagent that i needed for starch test.
c. Explain all the results. d. Further experiment shows that the disc in flask B cannot produce starch in the absence of oxygen. How would you explain it? 6. A destarched variegated
leaf was treated as shown below.
AD OA.
light
D
covered by
tin! cotton wool foil soaked, in. line water
KOH solution
glass bottle
to the plant.
b. (1) Water temperature.
(2) Any change in water
temperature (elg. due to the change in. room temperature or the heat produced by the lamp) would change the metabolic rate of the plant and there fore the number of
(3) water bath/ thermostat.
(1) Oxygen.
bubbles release, *
(2) Putting in a glowing.
splint.
d. Photosynthesis.
e4201
#100
80
60
40
No.of bubbles/min
10 15 20 25 Relative light intensity f. At low light intensity,
the rate of bubble release is directly proportional to the light intensity because light provides the energy necessary for the process of photosynthesis. When the light intensity reaches a certain level, the rate becomes level off
because some other factors will become limiting, ••R• the supply of carbon dio- xide may not fast enough.
g. distance: 35 cm
relativelight intensity:
1/3528.2(10-cm-2)
No. of bubbles/min 60 Sa. To destarch the Leaves (1)so that a distinct result can be obtained if starch is produced during the experiment.
(2) In the dark starch in the
leaves is converted to glu- cose and transported out of the leaves, for use in other parts of the plant.
b. Iodine solution.
Flask A
light- the disc was able'
to produce starch beca- se photosynthesis. had taken place in the presence of light, water and carbon dioxide. dark the disc could not.
produce starch because photosynthesis could not take place in the absence of light. Flask B: light,dark- the disc WAS
able to convert glucose to starch and this conversion is not light dependent,
Flask :
light the submerged disc
was deprived of carbon dioxide for the flask was filled with boiled and cooled distilled water, Photosynthesis could not take place in the absence of carbon dioxide and therefore no starch was produced. Dark both ligh and carbon
dioxide were absent.
d. The conversion of glucose
to starch requires energy. In the absence of oxygen, no energy can be produced by respiration.
6a. To absorb carbon dioxide in the glass bottle..
b.
A only.
c. Carbon dioxide, chlorophyll and light are essential for the production of starch in the leaf.
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