莫二第張七第 日九十月四年午戌歷変
地理科建議答案
李婉儀
H.K.C.E.E.
Suggested answers for
78
Geography
SECTION A
1.
(a) THE THREE TYPES OF NAT-
URAL VEGETATION
II
III
Equatorial rain for- ests or tropical rain forest
Desert or Arid Type vegetation
Coniferous forests or Cold Temperate Forest
(b) OCCURRENCES OF THE FORESTS
Equatorial rain
E
H
B
www
forest
Desert vegetation Coniferous forests
(c) WAYS TO ADAPT TO THEIR
CLIMATIC ENVIRONMENT
Equatorial ainforest
The foresta are rich and luxurant. Because of the ideal climatic conditions – with high temperatures and abundant rainfall throughout the year, the growth of trees is rapid. As there is no dry season, the trees are evergreen. The trees are tall and straight.
The branches and leaves appear near the crown so as to compete for light and air. The leaves " broad with drip-tips, or glossy or lea- thery, so as to shed rain- water or to enable efficient photosynthesia. The height of the trees requires the development of large battress roots for support. Many of the tall trees are used by climbing plants, which are also striving to win light or air, nutrition. There
are
for
little undergrowth except along river banks, because very little light can pene- trate the thick foliage to reach the floor. In swampy area where the ground is boggy,
the roots are strong and long to support the plants well above the water. In some cases, the roots are aerating for breathing pur-
There is a lack of pose. undergrowth for the absence of light.
II Desert Vegetation Because of the aridity' in the desert, the plants are drought resistant known as xerophytes. The plants are usually low..
of
the plants have deep and branched roota to penetrate underground in search of water supplies. They develop waxy or thorny leaves, some with sunken stomata to reducë transpiration. Some of the plants have wax covered fleshy stems to store water. Some plants have wide-apread net- work of surface roots to absorb dew moisture. Some plants remain dormant for years awaiting the infrequent rain showers. Their seeds are protected by an impervious coat. Immediately after rain, the seeds germinate and bloom, rapidly complete their life cycle before dying down. Some plante, which are known as halophilous, can thrive on areas of saline soils.
III
Coniferous Forest
The trees are usually conically shaped, with springy or downward sloping branches to prevent excessive accumu... lation of snow. Since there is low precipitation in the cold temperate region, the bark of the trees is usually thick, their leaves are need- le shaped so that loss of moisture by transpiration can be reduced. Moreover, the leaves are usually cover- ed by wax to protect against frost damage. Tree trunks are flexible and slender, so that they can stand well against the strong winds.
WAH KIU YAT PO
Roots are 'usually shallow and widespread, that allow the trees to absorb water above the frozen sub-soil,
The seeds are usually prat- ected in cones to suit the severe coldness.
2.
(Answer any two of the above
only)
{a}_The_OVI(ALL PATTERN OF
PRESSURE
A tropic 1 cyclone is centred to the north of Luzon (N. of the Philippines), with the lowest pressure: 1002 mb. in the centre. Pressure increases to the northeast and west, where two high pressure cells are developed. One is found. over S. Japan and the other in SW China, with pressure 1018 mb and 1012 mb recorded
Pressure is respectively, low to the east of the Philippines, A trough has developed, which extends NEST from south Japan to
West Luen, across the Pacific.
(b) WEATHER CONDITIONS EXPER-
IENCED IN HONG KONG
On that day, the pressure of Ilong Kong was a little. bit lower than normal, between 1010 and 1012 mb. The ten-
Winds perature was 25 C.
blew from the east, at a speed of five (3 to 12) knots Shower was recorded.
(c) TIME WHEN THE CHART IS
MOST LIKELY TO BE FOUND
The presence of the typhoon and trough pear II.K. shows that the pressure pattern is most likely to be found in summer, between May to October.
(d) INSTRUMENTS USED TO
RECORD INFORMATION SHOWN ON THE CHART
Thermometer or thermograph Barome ter or barograph Wind Vane Anemomëtert Rain gauge
(Any four of the above)
The landscape shown on the photograph is badland, with gullies developed on it. It is mostly developed in granitic slopes as grani te is a kind of well-jointed rock which is highly suscep- tible to weathering and ero- sion. It is especially true. on mountain slopes, where the vegetation has been removed, by hill fire, defor- estation, ming or excavation. The bare slopes, which are exposed to the direct heating of the sun, experience great diurnal range of temperatures. Rock may be disintegrated and cracks may develop. Desicca- tion on the top-layers leads to wind erosion in winter months. All these, together: with the heavy rainfall in summer, loosan particales and wash them downslope. Corestones are exposed and tors may form. Sometimes, the downward movement is slow and terracettes may form. IN some cases, brrential down pour brought by typhoon may initiate landslides or rill erosion. In the latter case, amall parallel channels known as gullies will develop. Further desiccation and heavy rainfall may help in the widening and deepening of the gullies. When gully erosion is fully developed, a badland landscape results.
* *
(a) NAMES OF THE FEATURES
X - Elbow of capture
Y m Wind gap or dry gap Z - Misfit or beheaded
stream
(b) 'FORMATION
All of them are resultant features of river capture (river piracy), which is usually found in the upper course of a river, especially the trellised or rectangular draniage pattern as shown on
報日僑華
the diagram.
BEFORE CAPTURE
AFTER CAPTURE
WATER FINISE
ચડાવે ત
FIGURE
ELBBL OF
LAATURE
A
四期星
As shown by the diagramı (Fig. A), the main river A had two tributaries - B and C. B and C were adjacent to each other and were separated by a divide (watershed). C which had a greater volume of water and flowed across deeper valley, was more power- ful than B. All streams tend to extend by haadward erosion, As C was more power- ful, is headward erosion is faster than that of B. It. extended headwardly until it breached the watershed ⠀ and ultimately captured and diverted the water of B into its own course. The head- water of B (the victim stream) thus flows over steep slope to join C (the pirate stream) of which the valley is now widened and deepened by... the increased volume, At the point of diversion there is a sharp bend which is called. an elbow of capture. Below the elobow of capture, there is often a wind gap or dry gap. It is so called because it is a corridor of wind movement and does not have a stream in it. The part of the captured valley downstream, from the elbow of capture is known as a misfit, because its volume of water is too small for its existing valley.
SECTION B
(a) Map A
Map D
Oil refineries
power
stations
Map C-Shipbuilding
yards
(b) FACTORS ACCOUNTING FOR
THE LUCATION OF
(i) the ATOMIC POWER
STATIONS
The atomic power stations are mainly situated along the coast of lfonshu, where large quantity of water is available for cooling. They have ensy access to sea, so that not only the raw materials can be easily imported, but the waste can also be easily t transported away for disposal They are located relatively close to industrial centres to supply industrial uses but outside the main urban centres for reason of safety.
(11) THE OIL REFINERIES
The oil refineries are located along the coast, especially along the shores of southern Honshu around the Inland Sea. Such coastal· locations enable easy import- ation of crude oil, offer flat land or land from reclamation for the building of large refinery complexes provide water for cooling purposes and make effluent discharge easy, The sea coast of the Inland Sea pro- vides deep water ports sui t- able for the berthing of supertankers. In addition, refinery products can be easily exported, or can supply the nearby industrial belt as raw materials' of - other industries.
The refinery at Niigata,' the northwest of Honshu is
There the as exception. crude oil is mainly obtained locally. Its site also reflects the effect of government policy - the New Industrial Town Act 1963, which aimed to develop areas aside for industrial sites, as a results, new plantas such as the Yokkaichi and Chiba are established there.
(a) GRAPH X →
MAIN FEATURES:
The population pyramid has a broad base (with about 33% of the population below 10 years of age). It tapers rapidly upward (the higher
日五廿月五年八七九一番公年七十六國民蘭中 育教僑造
age groups decrease in numbers) The numbers of male and female are unite oven..
REASONS:
The large proportion of children in the country is mainly caused by the high birth rate. It is partly because of the lack of know- ledge of birth control and the social importance of children. Besides, it is also due to the fall in infant mortality rate as résulteu from better medical care. The narrow summit is caused by the high death rates in the past, which were resulted from lack of medical facilities, outspread of enidemic dignases, low agri- cultural output, and damages. and loss caused by natural disasters such as floods, typhoons etc. GAPI Y –
MAIN FEATURES:
There are more females than males in the rural area, especailly in the upper age group. Young persons, below 20 years old are of a high proportion, Proportion of the elderly groups is high too but the middle age groups are of a small proportion only.
REASONS
The small proportion of the middle age groups and the unbalance males and females ratio are mainly a result of rural-urban migration. There is outward migration of adults, especially males to
They cities or overseas. are driven away by rural poverty and are attracted by the better economic prospects and better social welfare facilities in the cities. Children are left. for the elderly to care of,, GRAPH ZRE
MAIN FEATURES:
flere are more males than
especi- females in the city, ally in the middle portion of the graph (the age groups between 20 and 30 years). As compared with X and Y,
the base of Z is narrower and the top is smaller, too. This means there are fewer young persons and older people.
REASONS:
The great proportion of the middle aged grouns is a result of the migration of the adults from rural
It is areas into the city. supported by the diagram as about half of the population were horn outside the city. Migration of the children and
the aged is not significant since they do not supply industrial labour force. (b) PROBLEMS
GRAPH T
The out-migration of the adults causes a decrease in the availability of agricul- tural labour, which in turn leads to stagnation of pop- ulation growth, abandonment of lande, breakdown of irri- gation system and further- more, decrease in productivi- ty. The whole village will sooner or later become deser- ted. There may be social: problems due to the lack of due to th
social community services. There may be conflicts be- tween young and old.
GRAPH Z
The rush-in of the people from rural areas lay pressure on urban resources, The great increase in population may cause housing problema, slums and shanty towns arise. There may be strains on soc-
overw ial welfare such as crowdinèse in schools and hospitals. There may also he strains on public utilities too, such as the supply of water, power and the sewage system. There may be traffic congestions. There may be conflict between the immi- grants and the locals.. There may be unemployment problem which in turn results in social problems such as crime.
****
(a) MAIN PROBLEMS WHICH HANDI-
CAP THE EXPLOITATION OF THE DEPOSIT
LOCATION:
Being locatied, in the north, the Kalumburu bauxite
deposit is remote from the main areas of settlement and
industry. Transportation is
inconvenient. There is no direct assess, expecially no railway which is needed to transport the bulky ore. For sen transport, the near- eatport is Wyndham, which is, however, qui te far away from the deposit.
CLIMATE
When compared with other developed areas in Australia, the climate in Kalumburu is unattractive to workers. The high summer temperatures, uneven distribution of rain- fall - moist summers and dry winter, occasional attacks of tropical cyclones which may cause floods or other forms of damagea, all binder the exploitation.
LABOUR SUPPLY
Kalumburu is extremely sparsely populated, with popu- lation below 1 person per sq. km. The lack of social community services is unattrac- tive too. Thus labour supply is not enough', OTHERS
As agriculture is not well developed there, there is a lack of local agricultural products to provide food. There are no industrial cen~ tres nearby to form good market. As a result of the
nderdevelopment, power supply is insufficient to refine bauxite.
(b) IMPACT
The profitable bauxite mining may encourage migration. Urban centres such as mining towns and refining centres will arise. The ore has to be transported to the refin- erica, and this will encourage the development of communíca- tions. ftailways and roads will be constructed, and porta will be developed with up- dated facilities. As mining and refining need cheap power, thermal plant will be establi- shed. The export of the bauxite ore or refined alumina
be an in- or aluminium will portant source of income of the area which can be used to develop or improve public ulitilities, such as improve- ment in water supply. A11
these may stimulate the dev digit
lopment of local agriculture, especially market gardening
13
to serve the urban population jo
On the other hand, the mining of bauxite may cause 13 pollution problems. The removal of vegetation and topsoil will cause soil ero- sion. The open-cast mining will result in large pits and the tailing in large heaps will occupy vast area of lands which may otherwise be useful? 8.
(®) CHARACTERISTICS OF C.B‚Ð ̧
AND REASONS
The C.B.D. is located in
2
the heart of
of the city. Be- cause of the
easy access, there is a keen cometition between' users. Th
The land value is therefore high and the build- ings are thus predominantly tall to maximize floor space; Tall buildings are also made possible by technological advances, especially improved building materials, elevator and better construction meth- öda. The buildings are mostly occupied by high order commer- cial activities, with an absence of scarcity of the low order retail, industrial and residential 'uses and recreat-
ional space. Vertical zona...
tión is a characteristic feature, too, with high order shops such as jewelery, boutique, banks and airline, companies occupying the lower floors while offices the upper floors. It is because only the high order commercial act- ivities can afford the high rent there. And the low order commercial activities and other uses are therefore excluded, Though it is usually very busy and crowded during the office bours, most of the people are not local residents. The low population density is due to the lack of adequate facilition for families and the undesir able living condition." It in relatively deserted at night.
No comments yet.
Private notes are available after approval.