1978-04-17 — Page 36

a. Anti-Manchu tradi- tion - all through the Ch'ing period.

寶四第張九第

WAH KIU YAT PO

日一十月三年午戊

C. Growing anti-Manchuism

育教僑華

1978

【中學會考試題預習專欄

Hui L·Dan Perin

歷史科

(廿八)

胡應亮·

HISTORY (28)

Philip Y.L. Woo

FINAL REVISION (1),

THE 1911 REVOLUTION:

1. Underlying causes:

A. Internal decline of the

Ch'ing dynasty -

political causes

Emperor ineffi- cient; 'adminis“ tration corrupt, corruption in the -government serious,

ever since the Taiping Rebellion, political decentra- lization (Peking lacked effective control of the provinces); lack of able Manchu leadership.

social and economic сацаев -

Population growth but inadequate cultivable land;' thus social poverty; the government's finance bad-in- ability of the dynaaty to collect the whole country's taxes.

ideological causes Revival of anti- Kanchu ideas and activities.

D.

b. Anti-Manchu ideas in the late Ch'ing period Foreign: imperialien revealed the dynasty's weak- ness; blame for China's ills all put on the Manchus, the only hope of saving China; a psychological confort that nothing wrong with Chinese culture, only the Manchus who accounted for China's weakness.

Effects of Late Ch'ing Reform(1901-1911) -

Educational reform studenta sent. abroad became progressive-minded; dissatisfied with corrupt Ch'ing rule; joining or favouring revolutionary nove-

ment against the dynasty.

Political reform Ch'ing decision for experimentation with constitutional rule; opportunities given

to local-provincial scholar-gentry (ie. social leaders) to establish power against dynasty; political decentra- lization since the Taiping Rebellion (1851-64), further aggravated; Peking control of the provinces weaker.

Military reform Creation of New Armies yet they were not loyal to dynasty only loyal to individual leaders like Yuan 'Shin-k'ai; regional power strengthened; Ching further weakened.

報日僑華

B. Provincial gentry's

dissatisfaction with

slow constitutional practice in Peking- Ch'ing court promised a parliament in 1917, whereas provincial gentry wanted one immediately; “gentry demanding more powers; gentry angry at the newly cabinet which consisted mostly of Manchus.

C. Growing social dis- content Social poverty, corrupt admin- istration, heavy taxes, robbery | all created serious social diacon-" tent.

D. Disputes between Poking and the provinces over. the problem of railway.. construction - The Ch'ing court intended a centralized railway system; provinces dis- liked it; oppositions against railway nationalization, gentry. in Szechwan most angry, clashes with government

troops in Szechwan, paved the way for Üctober Revolution in 1911.

3. Wuhan Uprising on October

10, 1911

A. Disloyalty of the

Ching government'E New Army- greatly influenced by revolu- tionary propaganda, anti-lanchu feeling high.

B. Plan for uprising (to

be held in autumn, 1911) in Wuhan areas (Central China)

C. Accidental outbreak of revolt on October 1911 the Wuhan new army members accidentially let off a bomb on Octo- her 9; thus forced to start revolt the next day, quickly seized the main Wuhan, arsenal; General Li Yuan-hung took charge of situation.

-期星

日七十月四年八七九一层公年七十六國民载中

7. Sun Yat-sen's contribu-

tions to the 1911 revolu- tion -

A. Rund-raising to

finance revolutionary activities.

B. Connections with

· foreign governments & foreigners.Ability: in appealling to foreign powers to help (or remain neutral) when the Chinese revolution broke out.

C. Willingness to work

with lower social class like peasant bandits or Triad members.

D. Pragmatic leadership.

Sun had no inflexible formula for revolution, avoiding disagreement · with other revolution- ariés.

E. Confidence and unending

will to struggle - Sun gave confidence & faith to the revolu tionary movement.

F. Comprehensive ideology for revolution - Sun's Three Principles of the People offered comprehensive programs to deal with China!s: social, economic,and political problems.

育教僑華

1978

z=cosne+isiune.

7-z

"cogn✪-isinn✪

-1-2isine

1=2iminn✪“

(2işin☺)5

-z3-5z" (z ̈1)+10z3 (z+1)2

−10z2 (z ̄ ̄1)3+5z (z ̄ ̄1) "~(x−lj5°

-(z3-z ̄5)-3(z3-z ̃3)

+10(z-z-1)

2gini-2isin50

-5(2isin30)+10(2isin☺). sin30-17(sin50-5sinjƐ

+10sinė)--(1).

If 16sin 9-sin59and and

sing-4sin 0+sin30

(1) is 16sin 8-sin50

-5sin30+10sine

#in50-sin50-5(3sio6–

4sin30)+10sing

Ans.

i、e. 10sine-5(3sine-isin3e)

2sine-3sine+sin3-0 sinė(ksin20-1)=0

sino-00-»n?

sing i

or sin

sing-±1

-1-0

0

where n is any

integer.

the general solution

is 8-off or m

中以會考話題習車欄

2

x2+ y2 ~4x-2y=1=0-

附加數品 廿八岑俊彦

Add Maths, (28)

Solution to Exercise 14%.

Paper II, Section B.

(1+x) P•

Ane.

centre. C(2, 1).

2

Since the chord PQ passes

radius, r-√2 +1′′-(-4)=3.

through 0, its equation ia y=x--

-(2)

Substitute into (1);

x2 + (wx)2 - 4x-2 (xx)-4=0 (a)(1+m2)x2-2(2+m)x−4-0--

Ans.

(b)From (3),

sum of roota=x,

2(2+)

(3)

d. military causes Degeneration of the. Manchu forces. (Eight Banner Forces)

Administrative efficiency; lack of cooperation between different armies) soldiers poor; lack of training; loss of martial spirits.

B. External threats to the

-Ch'ing dynasty *

a Political threats-

Coming of the West; coming of Western imperialism; un- equal treaties

China was forced to

sign; lose of repu

tation and political power; loss of

former vaseal states (e.g. Annam,Korea, the Ryukyus) to foreign powers; Chinese territories cut up into spheres

of influence.

b. Social & economic

threats -

Foreign economie imperialism; cheap foreign cotton gooda destroying Chinese rural handicraft industries; un- favourable balance of trade; war

indemnities increased financial distress;

Rise of revolutionary movement

Introduction of Western ideas in China - through foreign missionar- ies or treaty-ports, import of modern ideas like democracy or republicanism; influence among intellectuals; examples of great European revolutions (e.g.French Revolu- tion of 1789).

b. Acceptance of

Western ideas of revolution by modern intellest- vals.

Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary activities--

First revolutionary attempt in 1895; contact with over- seas. student

intellectuals in

Japan 1901-05;.

formation of the Revolutionary Alliance (Tung: meng hui)

d. Huang Hsing's

revolutionary activities in Central China.

Ideological threats- Presence of the West stimulated the rise of modern Chinese nationalism, thus anti-Kanchuism; erosion of Confucian political ideals

by Western progres- sive thoughts, ideological founda- tion of dynasty. damaged.

2. Immediate causes:

A. Growing inefficiency

at Ch'ing court, 1908- 1911 - Both Empress Dowager & Kuang-hau died in 1908; corrupt and incompetent leaders at Ch'ing court; lack of really able leader- ship.

4. Reasons for success of

Wuhan Uprising:

A. Shortly after outbreak

of revolt, the cowardly Ch'ing governor-general fled, leaving the city. in revolutionaries" hande.

B. Success in occupying

the Wuhan arsenal; got: a lot of munitions for

Č. Li Yuan-hung able to

win support from gentry and merchants..

5. Provincial declarations of. independence and the end of the Ching moiarchy/- One after another province declared independence from Peking. Yuan Shih-k1ai, representing the Ching, had peace talks with Sun Yat-sen; agreement between them (Yuan overthrew the dynasty,Sun gave the Chinese presidency to Yuan) In February 1912, under Yuan's pressure, the ranchu court announced abdication. Chting ended.

6. Contributions to the 1911 revolution by the revolu- tionaries

A.

B.

C.

D.

Popularization of republican & democra- tic ideas.

Repeated uprisings

had the effect of

weakening the Ch'ing's reputation and will to resist. Revolutionary uprisings prepared Chinese people for a revolution psycholo- gically. Revolutionary ideas penetrated into the Ch'ing's own New Army.In the end, it was the New Army in Wuhan which started the 1911 revolution.

Now,

the ratio of the coeff.

of 3 consecutive terms are

4p-13r-9.

#6:20:45

Solving (1) and (2), p=12

Ang',

2. Given: st ́-9t42% t−18

sxt 3 - 9 t2+

d's Velocity, 31-18t+24

V

If v=0, 3t"-18t+24=0 i.e. (t−2){t-4)=0

Hence, there are 2 valves

of t (2 and 4) if,v=0. Acceleration, a=-6-18

If a 0, 3-

Hence there is one, value

of t in this case Now, when a=0, t×3,

*-1(3)2-18(3)+24

--38

-1

Ans.

and when v=0, 1-2 or 4

-2 8-6(2)-18-были or a=6(4)-19-6as” Ans.

-2

3. Given;2-cía@mco20+ising

-1

z1-cin(-9)=ccað-isine

By Demoivre's Theorem,

mid-point, B, of Po

■j.2(2+m)

1+m

1+m

From (2), 7-x(2)

.B(2+m, m(2+m))

1+m2

1+

(c)From (b), x«2+

1+m

yш(2+)

1+m

Ana

Squaring both sides of each equation, and adding, we

have

2

2월 (20) + (프(21))2

14m

2

1+0

(2+)2 + (2+)2

(1+m2)?

_ (240)2 (1+m2)

(1+)

_ (2+) 2

-3+ (2x (4-x)},

.4

•Area of OB-22-13-12 -*.P:q=3:12-13:19 Ans.

(c)Volume generated by area

OAB Ty dx

0

4(4-x)dx

~~+7x+(4-x)2)^

-27(4)2

-321cubic units.

Ans,