1977-12-24 — Page 27

育教僑華頁三第張七第 日四十月一十年巳丁曆夏

WAH KIU YAT PO

育教僑華

1978

「中學會考試題預習專欄]

明德社主編

世界歷史 十二胡應亮

HISTORY(12)

Philip Y.l. Woo

Germany 1918-1933

1. Problema of the Weimar

Republic:

A. Social and Economic

problema Because of the 4-year war, Germany had lost 2 million dead. Social poverty was serious, as mad infla- tion ate away real incomes of the citizens. By 1922, the mark ( German currency) was worth only less than 1/100 of its value in 191418 When the soldiers were disbanded after the

var,

thousands of un- employed people were. thrown back to society, further worsening the already severe problem of unemployment.

Living standard remained low. Reparations that Germany had to pay for the war. were large in amount and harmful in effects to the German economy. The Government, in an attempt to balance its incomes and spendings, printed as many paper money. notes as it liked to. Consequently, no people wanted to accept the valueless paper money; everyone changed paper money into goods as soon as he could. The economy became a barter one, and German economic life was extremely unstable.

B. Dissatisfaction with

Germany is defeat in the First World War

It was believed, not only by the right-wing militarists but also bỳ. many general people, that Germany had not been militarily defeated by the Allies but had been politically betrayed by the 1918 revolutionaries. The First World War was

·lost because the

politicians at home sold the country to the enemy, even though soldiers fought bravely at battle- fronts. This was the " stab in the back" theory. It provided discontent with the Versailles Settlement of 1919, gave Hitler a chance to appear as national hero (who condemned the treaty terms thereby winning public approval), and helped, in this way, Hitler's rise to power. C.Dissatisfaction with the Weimar Republic - In the eyes of the Germans, the new Republic had unpatrio tically signed the humili- ating Treaty of Versailles, which found Germany guilty of starting the First World War. The German: people had expected a lenient peace from the victorious Allies (as

the Kaiser was gone and a republic had been set up). The harsh treaty-terms of 1919, and the Weimar Republic's cowardly acceptance of them, aroused much public anger. D.Political instability Germany had shallow democratic tradition. Democracy was thus diffi- cult to work. There were far too many separate unstable political parties, with different political. beliefs. Extreme rightist parties opposed the Government and were growing in influence. They were directly anti- Republican, causing much trouble for the regime. The leftist parties like the Communist, however,

were divided and feared. The Social Democratic Party, which was quite

popular before 1914, lost much of the people'@ confidence. Politics

therefore inclined towards

rightist conservatism at

the expense of Republican- ism

Independence and dis-

.obedience of the army

The new Government relied

on the army to put down

Thus,

leftist disorder.

It

the army's power of independence grew. was "a state within a state".

Although it.

fought left-wing forces like the Communists for the Republic, it was never totally loyal... During the Kapp Putsch (an anti-government plot), for example, the army even refused to defend

The the Government. extent to which the Republic was dependent on the goodwill and neutra- lity of the army was dangerous political weakness. In fact, army leaders were often involved in political

making democracy: matters, Ineffectual.

Reasons for Hitler's rise. to power:

A.German dissatisfaction

with the Versailles Settle- ment gave Hitler an opportunity to win public support by nationalist propaganda.

B. Unstable economic

conditions of Germany, especially during the Great Depression of 1929- 30, created social dis- content and drove many lower-middle class people into supporting the Nazists and Hitler, who promised a better life.:

C. The weakness of the party

system made democracy

indefensible against the rise

se of a dictatorship. D. There was the failure of the leftist groups (like. Communista or Socialista) to stand together against Hitler, since it was Soviet Russia who forbade the German Communists to work with the Social E. Conservative forces.

unco-operative with the new Government - The 1918 Revolution had not cleared Germany's old, corrupt and conservative. forces, such as the junkers (Prussian landed class), the army, the bureaucracy (government civil service), the great industrialists and the judges. These old forces. made real democra- cy impossible to take root in Germany. Thes Industrialists and capit- alists, for example, were tradition-minded and were used to doing business under an autocratic government. The judges, on the other hand, cordoned crimes committed by the rightists, of the 354 political assassina- tions by the Right between 1918 and 1922, 326 were left unpunished. This tended to encourage rightist violence. The unfair and corrupt system of law led to the break- down of legal standarda that contributed to Hitler's rise to power. Meanwhile, political murder was frequent (it was rare before 1914). For self-protection, the large political parties established private armies, which were often used to fight political rivals. In the halls and atreets during election periods, party armies would attack each other, in disregard of law and order.

Democrata (whose policies and ideas were more moderate than those of the Communists),

E. There was, most important

of all, the growth of rightist, conservative and reactionary forces, which invited Hitler to come to power. The rightists expected that they could

報日僑惠

六期星

日四廿月二十年七七九一圈公年六十六國民華中

sate.

2

GH COONa

+

CHCH2OH

=sin x+2sinxcosy+cos y

-"sinycosx-sin y

adding:

2.

2

still control a Hitler in power, in hopes that Hitler's method of nation- alist propaganda and mass support would strengthen the position of the Right against the Left.

化

學十二

朱宏林

Chemistry (12)

Solution to

Q.16

(a) CaCO3+2HC1—CaCl2+H2O+CO2

NaCl + H20

NaOH + HCL

(b) Amount of HCl originally

present is

1 moles:

50 1000 -0.05 males.

According to the equation.

NaOH + HCI → NaCl + H20 amount of HC1 in 25 cm3

.diluted solution

amount of NaOH required

for neutralisation

20

x. 0.05 moles 10000 0.001 moles

total amount of excess hydrochloric acid is

0.001 X

0.01 moles

250 25

Hence, amount of HCl used up by calcium carbonate (0.05 0.01) moles 0.04 moles

But, according to the equ- ation below

Ca CO2+2HC1→→→ Ca Cl2+H2O+CO2 no. of moles of Ca Coz

no. of moles of HCl

d up by CaCO

0.04 moles 0.02 moles weight of

sample is

1 CaCO3

0.02 x 100 B--

28

in the

of calcium carbonate

in the original sample

$2

2.5

80%

x 100%

Solution to Q.17

(a) A is hydrogen chloride gas,

B is iron(II)chloride,

C is hydrogen gas.

(b) (i) NaCl+H 50->NaHSO +HC1

(11) 2HC1 + Fe FeCl2+ H

(c) It was to dry the hydrogen

chloride gas,

(a) It is because anhydrous iron.

(II)chloride can sublime. So it cannot be collected on iron which is hot. (e) The litmus would turn red showing the liquid in the trough is acidic because some unreacted hydrogen chl- oride has dissolved in water to produce hydronium ions.

HCI,

(C1 (g) +H20.

H20* + C1

(f) Formula mass of FeCl 127

No. of moles of H2 formed

$224

molea

22400

0.01 moles

According to the equation 2HC1 + Fe →→ FeCl2 + H2

no, of moles of FeCl

no. of moles H2 formed

0.01 moles

weight of FeCl2 is

0.01 moles x 127 g mol 227

(8) (1) Copper has no reaction with hydrogen chloride because oopper is less reactive than hydrogen (1.e, copper is below in

the activity series). (2) There is a reaction be- tween zinc and hydrogen chloride. The product. is zinc ahloride and hydrogen gas.

Zn + 2HC1 →→ ZnCl2+ H2: (h) The solid obtained will be

anhydrous iron(III)chloride. 2Fe

3012

2FeC1z

Solution to Q.18.

+

Ethanol is oxidised to ethanoic acid by potassium dichromate solution which thùa: turns from orange to green.

CHỊCH,OH + (O} – CH, CHO+H2O

+ (0) CH, CHO

CH COOH

(ii) Ethyl ethanoate is hydro-

lysed by sodium hydroxide to ethanol and sodium ethan-

(111) Propan-1-01 is dehydrated

by concentrated sulphuric acid on heating to give a

colourless gas, propène.

CH CHCH2OH CH-CH=CH2+H2O

(iv) Phosphorus (V) chloride reacts

with ethanoic acid to give

B

acetyl chloride, phosphorus:

oxychloride and hydrogen chloride which fumes in the moisted air.

CHCOOH+PCI, CH,GOC1+POC1,

HC1

Element D; because it is a metallic element, having two- electrons in the valence shell.

(11) Elements 3 and E; because

both have 5 electrons in the outermost shell. They belong to the same group in the Periodic Table, y (iii) Element 0; because it has complete innershell as well as complete outermost shell. It is aminert element. (iv) Element D; because it tends

to lose its valence electrons while element. F tends to gain electrons, so, when they com- bine, they will do so by ele- ctron transfer, thus forming an ionic compound, The form ula de Dy

The electronic structure of the compound DF2

19:-

electrons of element D x electrons of element F (v) Element D; because it is a

metal and its atoms are held together by the strong met- allic bond; while the others consist of molecules which

are held together in the

solid state by the weak van

der waals' force."

附加數學(十二)岑俊彦

Add. Mathe, (12)

Solutions to Exercize 6.

cos2x+sinx=0.

¡cos2x=-sinx

*sin(-x)

= cos(-(-x))

nf±(4+x) where n is

any integer

Taking 2x-2nT+(1+x)

x=2n+2

(4n+1)Y

2

Taking

x=2n11-(2+x)

the general solution

in

_ (4n+1} _x (4n−1)¥

(b)

CORX+C083x=2¢o=2x

Ans.

2co(+) con()=22x

2.

2c0=2xcos(-x)=2¢0s2x con2xe.nax-cos2x=0

。cos2x(cosx−1)=0°

cos2x=0.

2x=2n

x= ( ^n=1}ff

or coaxel

x=2n

the general solution: x-2nff ar

(c)tanzant.

tanx=cot2x

*tan(-21)

x=x+(-2x)

...(2n+1)

Ans.

the general solution:

(2n+1)

2

+bsin x+00§ X+

+2(sirschgy-s

?

in y+cos y -2+2sin(x-y)

-2+2sin

ลด

2

+b →3=0

sing =2sinecuso

2sin@cost

in@cost

9

in cos 2sinfcost

2

CON

2tano

sin Picos @ 14tan

But tan---

2 ting

1-tan

2 where t-tang

ain29

20

1-t

+(2t)2

an

st(1−t2)

i.c.

Put sin20 in the

ression,

4t(1-6) (1+t2)2 (1)-8(1-t")

8t 2

+2t^-84+1=0. which

equation with

to and t

roots

ang, tang and tar

min20-3

20-(-1)"

(-1)

n=0,

the required roots af

equation are

2

the

54 7137

tan

tani

12

17

and tan 12

cas38=cos (8+20)

=cos@co828-singsin20

case(2coa -1)

-sine(2ainfcord)

-cas0(2cos 9-1)

-2sin coal =cos0(2can20−1)

−2(1-cos39) cost -2cos30-cost-2cent

=4ens 0-3cos@--(1) Аля Far the equation: 8x2-6x+1=0

Pat x=cose, we have

8cos34 -6coaf+1=0

-4cos-3cosp

Comparing this with (1), cos30--1

30-22

5n=1)27

900

160 for

n=0, 1, 2.

ces80

x=c0840

=0,766, 0.174

or -0,940,

Atin,

5. ¿cos 9-1.co×20---- -(1)g

R. H. S.-1+(cos20-sin 9)

=1+ (cos2 0 -(1-cos2) -1+[200829-1]

-2c0s 0

=L.N.S.

From (1), we have

2

COR

1+cos28

CORS=1+ 2

Putting 9-se that ces294

L+COST

Aus.

-(1)

::(?)

2+1 212 Anṣ.

2, amsinx+cosy~~

h=c*q=sing a ma ma ma m Squaring both sides of and (2),