1977-12-19 — Page 27

★教僑華與三第張七第一日九初月一十年巳丁夏

育教僑華

MU Qale Preis

1978

【中學會考試題預習專欄

英文 (十二)番榮光

ENGLISH (12).

Comprehension ---

Raymond W.K.LO

The comprehension passage set will usually be within the normal scope of an average student's reading. In other words, the passage will be something similar to what a student has read in his books It will not be too difficult; dor will it be too easy.

The aim

The aim of setting a com-

prehension is to test your

ability to understand the

passage, that is, to under-

stand:

the writer's ideas and intention;

the development of the writer's thought;

the language.

You must read the passage. very carefully so that you. can understand, first, the general ideas of the whole passage, and second, the details of some of the most important points or issues included in the passage. You must understand the passage intelligently: you have to read with a clear and critical mind.

How to improve your skills in dealing with comprehen- sions.

Students usually pay too mich attention to the multi- ple choice items rather than the comprehension passare itself. Though the multiple choices items are important, it is even more important for you to read the original "passage over and again until

you feel you understand it well enough to answer the questions.

In doing a comprehension exercise, first, you have. to read the original several. times. Make sure that you. understand the general points in the passage -- give it a title if you find it help ful to do so. The act of giving a title (not necessary to write it down) is to help you to find the theme. After that, you read to understand the details,

At this stage, you must have done a lot of comprehen- sion exercises. But I still want to say a few words about how you can benefit from the comprehension exercises.

A close study of how the writer uses the language is necessary. As I have told you before, you must read inten- sively and extensively if you really want to improve your English. When you read, for- get that you are doing an exercise. Take reading as a kind of enjoyment!

Very often, if not always, students just read, without. understanding anything. If you find yourself doing the same thing, quit this reading habit please. But, this habit is not going to leave you unless you form a new reading to replace it. Then, how can you cultivate a new good reading habit?

How to read intelligently

ing:

Reading needs the follow-

concentration; active thinking; analysing;

judgment.

Discussion is also important. After reading a book or a passage, do discuss it with your classmates, your friends or your teachers. If it is a comprehension exercise with

WAH KIU YAT. PO

報日僑華一期星

the water,

multiple questions, do not simply put a tick' against.

the correct answer. You must make sure that you can give a reason(or reasons) why you have accepted that choice. Find statemente in the passage to support your choice.

= = = = = =

==

In the Hong Kong Certifi-

cate of Education Examinat-

ion, a prose passage or

passages will be included

to test comprehension of:-

1. content

language

In the next few issues, the following will be dealt with.

1. Comprehension and

reading;

2. Comprehension and understanding;

Comprehension questions;

Miscellaneous

Exercises:

物理十

魯榮家

Physics (11

Exercise 6 - neat, Light

Sound and Wave Moti

1. In figure 1, a frequency.

generator is placed in front

of a slit of width: 3m. Three

detectors A, B and Care

placed behind the opening and

they have the same distance

from the opening but differ- ent perpendicular distances

from the slit AB,

Sound swave "Generator"

Figure 1.

Compare the intensities of

the

sound waves recieved by the detectors A,B and u if the frequency generated is (a) 15400 Hz (b) 110 Hz

velocity of sound in

330 ma

2. In figure 2, Two ships A

and are 660m apart. The line AB ia parallel to the rocky shore CD and is 2 4 4 Om: from it. A gun is fired on

A and the noise is heard twice by observers on u as will as by observers ол А. If the velocity of sound in air is 330 ms. find

Rocky Shore

660m

Figure 2.

i) The time interval between;

two noises heard by an observer on A

(ii) The time interval between

the two noises heard by an ohgerver on Be

3. A copper calorimeter of

mass 1,2kg contains 0.8kg of water at 20°c..if 0.3kg

of ice at 0°C are added to

(a) how nach of the ice will

remain unmelted ?

(b) now much ataum at 100°c

must then be blown into.

the mixture to raise the

temperature to 20% Specific latent heat of

fusion of ice -.

specific heat capacity of copper 420 Jkg

of water 1 4200 JkgK, specific latent

heat of vaporisation of water

2268000 ükg

-1

In figure 3, a may of light is incident on one side of 8 prism, If the angle of incidence is 30 52 and the refractive index of

the priam is 1.5. Trace the

path of the ray through the

prism.

Figure

Figure

glass

black

plastic

block

air

A ray of light of wavelength 6.00 x 10-3⁄4m strikes a glass block and then a transparent plastic block.

(a) Show that the emergent ray

is parallel to the incid ent ray

(b) if a = 30°52'

and c 25 57.

find

the mefractive indice of

glass and plastic blocka.

(c) If the

the speed of light in air is 3 x 108

calculate the wavelengths

of light in glass and plastic blocks,

NUTA Dale Diess

世界歷史 +-

HISTORY (11)

Philip Y.L. Woo

胡應亮

日九十月二十年七七九一曆公年六十六國民華中

Give an account of

Mussolini's policies in Italy before 1939.

Mussolini had no blueprint for society after he had come to power. He made up his policies as he went along.

In the main, his policies were responses to the international threat of capitalist povera (which had gained dominance through victories in the First World. War)and the internal threat of socialism (which had won. a victory in the Russian Revolution of 1917). To counter the former, he pursued imperialist expan- sion overseas and consolida- tion of fascist rule at home. To deal with the latter, his policies were suppression of socialism and the introduc- tion of a fascist order to replace it, an order in which everything was for the state.

To consolidate fascist rule, Mussolini set up the Grand Council of the Fasciat Party, which gradually over- shallowed the parliament and became the highest political organ of Italy. A series of amendments to the electoral

laws guaranteed fascist supremacy thereafter and practically killed parliamen-. tarianism. To enforce militaristic discipline and threaten the masses with terror, the Fascist Secret Force (0.V.R.A.) was created in 1926. In the same year, a Special Tribunal for the defence of the state, was founded, holding trials in secret and arbitrarily. In. 1928, all political parties were abolished, just as all trade unions were wiped out, due to their promoting individual interests. Tio- lence and force were employed to cow down the masses, as opponent press were

persecuted and strict - censorship was enforced.With all this, fascist rule vas entrenched, socialism banned and a dictatorship establish- ed

The new fascist order Mussolini introduced was

corporativism”. Under the system, economic activities of Italy were divided into seven general categories, each represented by a corpor- ation. In each of these corporations were different provincial federations, which themselves vere composed of many local syndicates that represented aither labour or capital. Supervised by a ministry of corporations established in 1926, industrial matters between labour and capital were settled through friendly negotiations. In 1934, however, mixed corpora- tions of employers and employees came into being. Then, in 1939, after the Lower House had been abolished, a Chamber of Fasces and Corporations was founded in its place.

With regard to the Church, whose alienations from the government ever since unification remained one of Italy's national problems, Mussolini's policy was one of goodwill and compromise. The crucifix and catechism were restored in primary schools, and state allowances for prieste vere raised. In 1929 came the formal Lateran Accords signed between him and the Pope. It recognized the sovereign independence of the Vatican city (in which the Pope lived), in return for

the Pope's recognition of the Italian state. Compensations for the Pope's loss of

temporal power were made. Catholicism was the sole religion of the state, with religious instructione at school made compulsory. On the whole, therefore, most of the anti-clerical laws of the pre-fascist liberal government

were repealed.

In economics, Kussolini

sought to end the

capitalist's purauit of self-interests by state control. Greater and' greater state intervention in economic activities, in the form of government contracte, supervision and patronage of selected businesses, was growing evident from 1930 on, when foreign adventures vere increased.

From 1934-36, for instance, banking was brought under strict state supervision. For the sake of launching a bolder: foreign policy, which occupied Mussolini more than any other things, economic self-sufficiency, or I "autarchy", vas: needed.. Therefore, higher thriff and lower corporate taxes were introduced, and the "battle. for grain" was carried out 18 a campaign to increase domestic grain production. Mussolini was, however, ignorant of economic matters. His prime concern was national prestige and propaganda. In 1926-7, for example, in order to main- tain national pride, the Italian currency's interna- tional value was artificially kept up, resulting in difficulties for exporters and serious deflation at home..

Socially, education and propaganda were used as means to strengthen social unity and fulfill the state-- centered ideology total obedience to constituted authority. Compulsory education, which was subsidized by the state, was extended from 12 to 14 years, with school curricula care- fully laid down by the government. Local education- al officials were increasing- ly subject to supervision and control. In 1931, university professors and school teachers were forced to take an oath of loyalty to Mussolini himself. Indeed, through handbills, posters and newspapers, the people were indoctrinated with fascist ideas and slogans like "Mussolini is always right". State money was poured into developing the Italian radio and cinema, which were effective masa То media for propaganda. co-ordinate these mass media the Ministry of Popular

War Culture was founded. fare was praised, military parades were held, and mär- tial spirit was cultivated. Various youth groups were formed, where children and youngsters from 8 to 21 were taught all the Fascist virtues. To make Italy a great power, Mussolini conducted a "battle for births" (birth encouragement), though Italy was over- populated. For the similar reason, the Pontine Marshes were reclaimed, as the dirty land was within foreigners" sight. Other more needy areas were ignored.

Such were the domestic policies of Mussolini. Despite many of his positive contributions, such as concordat with the Pope, land reclamation, more stable politics, improvements in agriculture, more efficient administration and the launching of more public projects like housing scheme and hydro-electric power, Mussolini brought to Italy only repressions, The workers and lower classes, who Mussolini promised to save, were in the and most exploited. Corporations only turned out to be unions of industrialists and Fascists

to oppress the workers, increasing the opportunities, of corruption of the Fascists. The Fascist Grand Council made all decisions behind the formal corporative structurs. On the other hand, the battle for grain had in reality. reduced total agricultural production of Italy, for so much land suitable for other agricultural activities were