1977-12-15 — Page 27

育教僑華頁三第張七第 日五初月一十年巳丁屡夏

育教僑華

學能推理練習專欄

智慧社主編

世界歷史(十) 胡應亮

HISTORY (10)

Philip Y.L.Woo

Explain what is meant by Fascism. Show how Mussolini came to power in 1922. Outwardly, Fascism is a dictatorship with absolute power concentrated in a' dictator or a small military clique that enforces strict control on almost all aspects of life by whatsoever means. In a way, it is therefore both authoritarian and totalitarian. Basically, Fascism is the name of a state of belief or even a political attitude which puts the nation-state or the race, its power and growth, in the centre of life and· history. For the exclusive interests of the nation, it disregards the individual. and his civil liberties and rights. In politics, it is a single-party state, paternal and autocratic, with strict regimentation of all aspects of national life. Socially, class differences have been denied, the individual has ceased to exist and social solidarity is complete under the state. Economically, prise is put to an end, and economic life is subject to state

enter-

at

te supervision though private ownership and property are still permitted. Fascism in its beginning was not a doctrine and had no clearly elaborated program, but it was dominated by a definite attitude of mind which exalted the fighting spirit, ultra-nationalism, ruthlessness and action, and demanded total obedience and discipline. It rejecta all ethical motiveв as weakening the resoluteness of the vill. War la regarded as beneficial struggle, and violence is admired. Fascism aima defending the nation, against the external threat of capitalist powers through a combination of seconomic self-sufficiency,

authoritarianism at home and

mperialist expansion abroad. It aims at destroying the internal threat of - Communism and setting up a rival " revolutionary" movement to replace it. Fascism is

therefore both anti-democratic (or anti-capitalist) and anti-communist. As a form of political, social and economic organization, fascism is characterised by forcible. suppression of dissent, active large-scale propaganda that cultivated loyalty toward the atate and the leader; expan- sion of the field of govern- ment to all spheres of life, and racial intolerance'.

Mussolini's rise to power was quick. Whereas in 1922 he became the Italian prime minister, he was practically unknown In the 1 political bircle 3 ars earlier, in 1919. Circumstances combined with his own ability to favour him, however. Although Italy's war-effort contributions to the First World War were considerable, She thought she was not accordingly and fairly rewarded by the Allies, who even looked down upon her. Anyway, Italy had always “been sensitive to internation-

al prestige eversince 1870. That her unification vas Fachieved largely by foreign. interventions left her with

senze of “ahame, a national inferiority complex. After 1919, therefore, the public blamed the Allies for their farrogance and the liberal

politicians in Rome for

WAH KIU YAT PO

their cowardice." Soon. Mussolini seized upon this force of nationalism and loss of identity and made use of them fully to his advantage.

After the War, Italy vão confronted with both economic difficulties and chronic

political instability. The

cost of the war was high, and the return of a war-time

economy to a civilian one was difficult. In less than 2

years, 216 million disbanded soldiers returned home and

found themselves pbless. Then, mad inflation added to their and all Italians! distress. Between 1919 and 1921 the cost of living rose by more than 50%. The government, however, failed to tackle. these problems. Humiliated internationally, the regime was unpopular domestically, as indeed it had always been so since 1870, due to its serving only business. interests and the propertied class. In 4 years, there were 5 governments. Still, they worked only because of corruption and other parliamentary malpractices. Italy's entry into the First World War had contributed greatly to the political consciousness of her masses and her soldiers. Such patriotic but immature politi- cal forces were not what the corrupt and traditionalistic. government could manage.

These forces formed the early fascist members in Milan in 1919.

Some belong-

ed to the "shock troops", who had fought for the government in the war but who could not adjust them- selves to civilian life after it. Some were young- sters, emotional and

patriotic. The fascio, as each of these groups waa called, advocated a strong foreign policy and resorted to violence in struggling for wider political rights and better working condi- tions. Under Mussolini, they expanded quickly and in 1921, the National

won.

Fascist Party was founded, But in the coming national

election, only 22 seats vere

Instead of staying inside the parliament to get votes, the Fascists were determined to stay outside it to struggle for power.

It

Meanwhile, owing to economic sufferings and poli- tical impotence, disturbances and strikes by workers were widespread, especially in Northern Italy, where the wave of Communism was particular- ly high. "Sit-ins" (peaceful protests by occupying factories) were held. was widely believed that these disturbances were attempts at seizure of power by the Communists under the. direction of the Russian Bolsheviks. Consequently, the fear of Bolshevism was strong, Mussolini was quick to make use of it to alarm the propertied clase cunning- ly. Fascist bands (squadre) were formed to attack offices of left-wing newspapers, trade-unions and Catholic unions, with the financial support of the landowners and capitalists, the propertied classes which Intended to punish the rebellious lower classes and fight Socialism through the Fascists. Fascists toured the country in trucke provided by the industrial- ists, stopping now and then to beat up socialists on the street, while the local police just watched. In view of the liberal govern- ment's ineffectiveness, Fascism represented law and order and was regarded as the only alternative to anarchy. Many liberal newspapers turned a blind eye to fascist attacks, on socialists. Threathened by capitalist exploitations from above, the lower middle-class was equally fearful of bolshevism from below, which would cancel its middle-class status. A sense of insecurity was created. Therefore many of its members joined the fascists whose activities increased rapidly.

În 1921, the popularity

報日僑業

四期星

日五十月二十年七七九一公年六十六國民華中

.300°

of the fascists tempted the government to try to bring them into the parliament,

both to prevent the fascists from threathening itself and to strengthen popular support which the government needed badly. The upper bureaucracy and aristocratic circles believed, wrongly,

4 that they could control.

Fascism and tame it in time, even though it came to power. The queen mother was active- ly pro-fascist herself. Even the Pope and the Ital Italian intellectual toler- ated Fascism.

Emboldened by all this, Mussolini attacked and captured Milan, Italy's richest city, in 1922. Not wishing to enter the govern- ment as junior membere, the fascists and Mussolini tried to threathen the government by force so that they could obtain the top- level power. Hence the March on Rome. At first, the professional politicians were determined to fight. Their king, Victor Emmanuel, however, backed out in the last minute. Mussolini, who stayed in the north, was thus invited by him to come down to Rome to form what- ever ministry Mussolini saw fit. The shallow demacra- tic tradition of Italy and the lack of unity among the political parties failed to prevent such a transfer of power, which, to be sure, took place outwardly according to constitutional form. The March on Rome" was therefore hardly a revolu- tionary seizure of power. The government surrendered at a mere threat, and

Mussolini was the prime minister then.

附加數學(十)岑俊彦

Add, Maths (10)

Solutions to Exercise

4. (1) L.I.S¶* -

**inx+8ïny+sing

-sin(x+y+z) »(sinx+siny)+[sinz

2an cos

-cos

-2sin(cos

Lenin

2x+2z

siinin

RAILS. L.N.S..

=cos2x+con2y+cos2z+1

2

+cos2(180°-(x+y)}+1. niuce xevez=180° =2cox(x+y) cos(x=y)

*cos2(x+y)+1

•Zcos(x+y)cna(x-y)

on2 (x+y)-1+1- =2cox(x+y) [cos(x−y) "+cos(x+y)

=2cos(x+y[2cosxcosy)

=\cos(180° -z)COAXCOBY =='cosxcosycosz

-P.K.S.

(c) L.!!.S.=

(a)

=^K. X+Co8 y+co4. Z

**(1+cos2x)+4(1+cos2y)

+1(1+ros22)

+(co12x+con2y+con24)

-3+1(~4conxconyconz]

from (b) part axCOSYCOBZ.

2

2ainxcos x+gin ̈x-1,0 2sinx()-sin2x)+sin2x−140)

ན

2sinx=2*in **ain *~!=0

3

2

Zain x-ain ̃x-2hinx-1=0:

3 2

-x=2x+1=0 where

y=sing.

{y−1){y+1}{2y=1)=0.

y-1, -1 or

e. sinx«l⇒ x=90°,

270°.

⇒x=30°,156°

9ცი

(b) 2sinx=12009

2sin x-cox-

159

Ans

(2cosx−1)(canx+1)

C0Bx=-1⇒ x=180°:

x=60". 180",

300

Ana

tan xe tance 53tanx

tan x-tanx+/3-/3tanx={} Bana (tanx−1)43{tanx-1) 0

(tanx 1}{tanx) 0

Jsinx

210

-45, 60°, 225′′,

3tanx=4+2secx

COSX

3sinx=4¢oax42

tikcoax-3ainx=-2

11

costcosx-aintsing

0.4 Where tan

Ans.

‚¢09 (8+x)=−0.4,

coa(30°52' +x)==0,4 36°52′+x=113°35!

sinx:

or 246*25* or 209°33:

cosx=1-12inx

vinx

-8)=0:3535

Ansv

cos(x=30")=0,3535

tun (f)

3204

(c)

2ṣinx-1=coax COAX=29[nxx-2.

---

•C089c0SX-nin@niax-

=-0.1172.

stan:

367.265

11!

經濟與公共事務

(九) 孔繁盛

Economic and Public Affairs Supply

Supply depends on scarci- ty. If there were no scar- city, the word 'supply!

·would become meaningless.

The supply of a commodity over a particular period of time is the quantity suppl- led at a certain price, Foa a market supply of a commodity, it refers to the total quantities that would be supplied by all the fir ms in the market at various prices. In other words, it is the sum of all individu- al firms' supply at various prices.'

The supply schedule of a commodity shows the general phenomenon that the higher the price of the commodity, the the more quantity will be supplied. This is call- ed the Law of Supply.

The following table showa the supply schedule of a certain commodity:

Price Quantity Supplied

10

400units

520

630

710

800

890

980

We can illustrate the supply schedule of a com- modity graphically, show- ing the relationship betwe- en the price and quantity `supplied bf the commodity.

The curve we obtain from the graphical illustration of the supply schedule is called supply curve, as shown below.

e

Ans.

A supply curve usually slopes upward from left to right reflecting the rela tionship between the price. and the quantity supplied of the commodity.

The supply of a commodity When may change over time. the supply curve shifts. from left to right, it means an increase in supply Contrarily, a shift of supply curve from right to left represents a decrease in supply. Both cases can be shown as below..

447

:x=33 8 (a) sina-sin4x+sin5x=0

* 180°. Ans.

min3x+ainïx-sin4x=0

2sin(3x+5)cos(3x-5x)

-2sin4xcon(-x)=sin4x=0

sinăx(2conx-1)=0 | |

1080

60

120 360**

360

270 300°

(b) cosx+cos2x+c®=3x=0

Ans,

(coax+cos3x)+cos2x={} 2con2xcosx+cos2x=0 cos2x(2conx+1)=0)

cos2x=0

⇒ 2x=90° ar 270° x=45, or 135°

OF CORI

⇒x=120o or 240*

1350, Ans.

x=45”, 120°,

240 (0)ongx=sin2x+cos3x=sin4x=0

(conx+con3x)~(nin2x+s.

+in4x)=0

2c092xcosx-2sin3xcosx eox(cos2x=sin3x) 0

cosx-x=90, or 270° or con2x-in3x 1.e. sin(90"-2x)=sin3x

90"-2x=3x-18"

x-18°, 90°, 270", Ans.

Increase in supply.

∙Doc TuRUE, in supply. The factors affecting changes in supply can be explained as follows: (1)The cost of production:

A rise in the cost of producing the commodity due to some reasons may make some firms leave the industry, thus lowering the supply of the commodity in the market as a whole, (2)The technique of produc- tion: When there is an improvement of the techni- que of producing the com- modity, the output level will be increased to a greater extentand só incre- ase supply. ・・

(3)Introduction of advanced machinery: If there were an introduction of advanced machinery, the production of the commodity would be carried out to a greater: extent of mass production and specialisation. Его- duction efficiency would result and so increase supply. (4)Effects of the weather: In the case of agricultural products, the weather con- ditions determine the supp- ly of the commodities to a fairly great extent. Any change in weather will make a certain change in supply of the agricultural gooda. For example, wheat supply may drop due to bad harvest. (5)Effect of taxation: If the government were to impose higher tax on the sale of a certain commodity, the producers would have to bear higher cost of the product. This will make some producers leave the market and so generally will result in a decrease in supply,