1977-06-03 — Page 26

真二第張七第1 日七十月四年巳丁展夏 WAH KIU YAT PO

1977中學會考試題預習專欄

明德社主編

世界史建議答案(精完)

胡應亮

World History. Suggested

Answer For H.K.C.E.E.

1977(Con't妹妹

6. Describe the attempts made to

obtain international co-opera- tion from 1919 to 1929. Expla- in why they resulted in fail- ure during the 1930's.

Ans:

The League of Nations the: last of Wilson's Fourteen Points advocated the establish- ment of an association of nay. tions to protect from aggres sión and preserve peace. More- over the League was to employ the methods of law to settle any international disputes, reduce Barmaments. There was to be an Assembly of représenta- tives of all member states, which met once & year. A. Council, which consisted of one permanent representative of each of the five victorious Great Powera (Britain, France, Italy, the United States, and Japan) carried out the Assemblyr岛 policy..

2. The International Labour Organ- ization - "This worked in conjun ction with the League to improve the condition of workers throughout the world.

3. The Permanent Court of Interna-

tional Justice - This was a committee of judgen who metat the Hague to pass judgement on legal disputes submitted to to 7 by League members.

4. The Locarno Conference (1925)- The Conference, which was attended by the leading states of Europe.

arranged several treaties in -which the various powere agreed.

to maintain their existing boundaries and never to go to war with each other in viola- tion of these treaties, Briand of France and Stresemarin of Germany were the leaders. 5. The Kellogg-Briand or Paris

Pact - The Pact (1928)through which the principal staten of the world renounce war as an instrument of national policy", was signed by 62 nations. This treaty for the outlawry of war was made possible through the efforts of Briand and Kellogg, the American Secretary. of. State:

6. Naval Pacte - The naval con− ferences of 1922 and 1927. brought the powers together for the purpose of decreasing navies:

WHY THEY RESULTED IN FAILURE::. 1. There was no meane of armed

forces to enforce ay decision reached in these international attempts at co-operation on a state. In an age when na- tional self-determination was respected and valued most, any suggestion of establishing auoh means would be vieved. with disapproval.

12. The Great Powers each pursued the r own polcies. The United States withdrew into isola- tion after the First World War. There was disagreement of principles with regard to. the policy towards. Germany between Britain and France. Russia became Communist and was thus alienated from other European capitalist powers. This seriously weakened the solidarity of the Powers for

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concerted action.

3. The Great Depression of 1929-30 created new social and economic problems and crisis for the Powers, complicating the

already chaotio international circumstances.

4. The rise of Nazism and Fascism

In the 1920s and 1930s resulted in the emergence of totalitar- ian regimes which totally dis- regarded any agreement of international peace.

The armament race that speeded up during the 1930s heightened International tension. and made any international co-oper- ation difficult to function. The appeasement policy of ̇Britain and France, which

sought peace at whatever costy even sucdmbing to the Fascista and Naziste, made it impossible for the Powers to assume a stong policy against Germany and Italy .

. In an age of competitive

national rivalry, each nation feared of losing security and was unwilling to sacrifice. self-interest for world peace. a. In 1931 Japan invaded. Manchuria, After the League of Nation's. special commission, Japan with- drew from the League. In 1933 Germany withdrew from the League after the failure of. its disarmament Conference. In

1935 Mussolini invaded Abyssinia. In 1936 Germany re-entered. the Rhineland. In 1937 Japan invaded China. In 1938-9, Ger-

many annexed Austria, over- ran Czechoslovakia and in- vaded Poland. No internation al co-operation could check all these aggressions.

Andr

Explain briefly what is meant by Fascism. Show how Mussolini came to power in 1922. and give an account of hip -policies in Italy before 1939.

Fascism is the name of a poli- tical attitude which puts the nation-state or the race, its power and growth, in the cent of life and history. For the exclusive interest of the nation, it, dieregards the individual and his rights. In politics. it. is a single-party state with strict regimentation of all aspects of national life. Fas- cism in its beginnings was not. a doctrine and had no clearly. elaborated program, but it was dominated by a definite attitu- de of mind which exalted the fighting spirit, military discipline, ruthlessness and action and rejected all ethical motives as weakening the re- soluteness of the will. War is regarded as beneficial struggles. As a form of political, social and economic organization, Fas- cism was characterized by... personal dictatorship, intense nationalism, forcible suppress- ion of dissent, active large- scale propaganda that cultivat- ed loyalty towards the state and the leader, expansion of the field of government to all spheres of life and racial intolerance.

HOW MUSSOLINI CAME TO POWER: From his youth Mussolini, held extreme political views and had once been the editor of a social- ist newspaper, During the First World War, however, his fellow socialists disliked his narrow. patriotism. Alienated from Socialism, Mussolini organised his own newspaper and became anti-socialist himself. He

founded the National Fascist

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Party in 1921. Bafore it, the Party was originally a radical group in Milan. The fascio, as it was then called, advocated a strong foreign, policy, resorted to violence In struggling for wider poli-. tical rights and better working conditions. After its founding; the National. Fascist Party won 22 seats in the Parliament. When then Musso- lini demanded representation from the government, his request was turned down. In the party congress of the Fascist in Naples In 1922, Mussolini made a warlike" speech |demanding his rise to power and threatening if his request was not entertained, his Fascist troops, who all wore blackshirts and possessed weapone, would march on Rome, as Mussolini and the Fascists really did. They controlled all the key points lead- ing to Rome and entered the city. The Italian Government had resigned. Both the army and police were t sympathetic with the Fascist cause. They stood aside without interfer- |ing. King Victor. Emmanuel. III

hastily invited Mussolini to form a cabinet. He did so perhaps for rearing of risking his prestige in opposing Mussolini or for desiring to set his country in order under a strong man. The March on Rome was completed.

MUSSOLINI'S POLICIES IN the. Du

1. Mussolini was called the Duce,

the leader. Italy was made a corporate state. The parlia- mentary system was abolished. Freedom of the people was deprived of. Mussolini hated the practice of Western: democracy, After a series of amendments to the electoral lave Fascist majority was returned to the parliament. In 1928, all the political parties had been abolished with the exception of the Fascist Party. Mussolini. alone appointed ministers and officials, directed party. polit cies and controlled the govern− ment. In 1938, the Italian parliament was abolished. It was replaced by 23 new in- dustrial and professional cor- porations known as the Assembly of Corporations.

2. Mussolini wiped out all organ-

izations, like trade unions, that promoted individual interests. Both employers and employees were organized into so-called Syndicates, which in 1926 were grouped into 9. National Confederations. After- wards, a system of corporations was established in which employ- ers and workers were represent- ed. Industrial matters were settled by these bodies, which

were supervised by a ministry of corporations, and Fascist: representatives. Strikes were made: illegal.

3. Fascist members often resorted to violence in suppressing the activities of their opponents. From 1924 on, the opponent press was persecuted. Censor- ship was effectively enforced". to check freedom of publica-. ̇tion. Secret police. were

employed to apy on the people. With it, Mussolini was able to break the hold of the Mafia (1927-28) over Sicily. Propa- ganda was launched through mass media to indoctrinate the Italians of Fascist ideas and the importance of sacri- ficing oneself to the state. warfare was praised as the highest stage of human deve- lopment. Military parades were often held to inspire the people of Italian patriot- 1am -

4. From the beginning the Fascists!

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launched a program of public works, more for prestige than for economic security, such as land reclamation (draining of the Fontine marshes). The Italian merchant marine was even more heavily subsidized, and the protection of indus-. tries increased. The produc- tion of wheat was. pushed in: the so-called "Battle for Wheat". Active intervention of the government in private. economy came largely after 1930. The government stepped. into business.

In 1923 a far-reaching reform of the educational system was Inaugurated. Compulsory: edu- cation was extended · fròm · twelve to fourteen years, and attendance laws were made stricter. The curriculum was liberalized. Along with in- creased subsidies from the national treasury, however, went increased state control over local officials in educational matters. In 1931 university professors and other teachers were forced to take an cath of loyalty to the regime.

6. In 1929 Mussolini negotiated

with the Pope for a compromise. The result was the Lateran Treaty, It provided for the Italian recognition of the Vatican City under the Fope's sovereignty. Roman Catholicism was to become the state reli- gion. Compernsations were made. to the Pope for his loss of some temporal power, and in return the Pope gave his re- cognition of the Kingdom of Italy.

7. Under. Mussolini Italy became

more stable politically, and unceasing civil disturbances were stopped. The administra- tion was made more efficient. Hydro-electric power was developed and public projects were carried out. Many ambitious housing schemes were embarked

on.

6. Trace the events after

Ans:

World War II which led to the creation of the European Common Market (EEC) in 1958. Describe the aims of the: EEC and explain why the European Free Trade Associa- tion (EFTA) was formed in -1959.

1. After the Second World War

destruction, recovery was imminent and international joint efforts were necessary. 2. The development of strong ̇nation states in the 19th

and 20th centuries created. stiff economic competition, like trade barriers.

3. In 1947 the Treaty of Dune kirk was signed between Britain and France for com- mon consultation in economic affairs..

4. The Marshall Plan (European

Recovery Program) was grant- ed by USA to assist in the economic recovery of Western Europe and to promote econom mio co-operation. For the purpose, a permanent body known as the Organization for European Economic Co-opera- tion (DEEC) was set up. Assistance was provided to rehabilitate economies, to develop nations, to facili- tate payment of debts bet- ween membera, to improve. world trade and to create mutual confidence.

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5. The United Nations set up

the Economic and Social Council, the International

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the International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment (World Bank) to help economic development. 6. With the Cold War in the

late 1940s, and the establ- ishment of the North Atlan- tic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949, internation- al co-operation became all. the more frequent and necs- ssary, especially after the formation of the Soviet Bloc's Warsaw Treaty Organ- ization in 1955.

The Council of Europe (1949)

concerned bascially with economic, political and social areas of co-operativeg action. It also encouraged the development of new and specialized fields of co- operation.

8. In 1951 Demark, Norway and

Sweden set up a Nordic Council for consultation on economic matters, Firiland joined the Council in 1955. 9. Partly out of France's fear of the re-emergence of German coal and steel industry supremacy, and partly out of the convenience offered by international co-operat- ion in coal and steel. industries, six Western European countries (France, Italy, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxen- bourg) set up the European Coal and Steel Community. (the Schumann Plan) in 1953. Production was planned and a common market for coaland. steel was organized. 10.These six western countries

planned the establishment of the European Economic Community (Common Market) in (the Treaty of Rome in 1957. 11.Im:1958 the Common Market

was founded.

AIMS OF THE COMMON MARKET ··

to form united economie policies and promote great- er economic integration. 2. to increase industrial and

agricultural production and to achieve the highest level of prosperity.

3. to eliminate tariff barriers. 4. to facilitate the free flow

of goods among its members. 5. to decrease political ten-

sións.

7

6. to move toyards eventual political federation.

B.

to increase mutual confiden ce in international econo- mic co-operation.

to strengthen the economic basis of Western Europe in the belief that sound econo- mic foundation was the best defense against the infil- tration of: Communism and the best deterrent to the Communist bloc..

WHY WAS THE EFTA FORMED:"

Other members of the OEEC (like Britain, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Switzerland Austria and Portugal) were unwilling to commit them- selves to the far-reaching. integration schemes of the Common Market.

2. As co-operation among the

countries of Europe for military purposes through the NATO increased, it became apparent that another economic bloc other than.. the Common Market was needed. 3. Non-Common Market members:

wanted an economic union of their own to keep pace with the Common Market form ed the year before.

So the European Free Trade

Association (EFTA)

in 1959.

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