1977-05-18 — Page 22

買二第張六第日一初月四年巳丁圈复 WAH KIU YAT PO

1977中學會考試題預習專欄

明德社主編

歷史科建議答案(部份)

胡應亮。

HISTORY

(Suggested Answers to the

Questions of the. Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination, History, 1977)

1. What were the motives behind the Self-strengthening Move- ment in China from 1860 to 18947 Briefly describe the reforms undertaken and examine their results up to 1911.

Ans :

motives:

1... to strengthen China to

resist the West, in order to preserve intact the Chinese tradition. Mili- tary reforms were stressed.

2. to strengthen China in

örder to maintain domestic security, so as to suppress. internal rebellions, which was especially important in view of the decentral- ization after the Taiping Rebellion.

3. to strengthen China so

that China might be equal with the Weat in modern- ization.

4. to strengthen the Manchu

rule over China. Prince Kung, for instance, advo- cated the securing of western arms to be kept from the Chinese.

5. regional leaders sought to strengthen their own power and fortify their own positions.

regional leaders competed among one another in

order to rival one another by reforms.

undertakings: 1i ́military the Klangnan

Arsenal built near Shanghai in 1865, the Foochow Navy Yard in 1866, building of the naval flest (Peiyang fleet, for example), reorganization of the Green Standard Army, establishment of military schools, naval schools and sending of military personnel to Germany and England for training.

2. industrial - The China

Merchants Steam Navigation Company founded in 1872, cotton milla in Shanghai, the Kaiping coal mines near Tientsin.

PL

3. communication - ports were

developed, lighthouses built, telegraph put up, building of the Maritime Custome Service, paving of railways. 4. education new government

schools along Western lines, T'ung-wen kuan (Interpreters' College) founded, language schools built, a medical school at Tientsin, a Poly- technic Institution at Shanghai, sending of students' to the United States to study in 1872, other students to Europe for technical and military training, translat- ing of western books,

5. foreign relations - establish- ment of the Taungli Yamen, sending of diplomatic missions abroad, establishing of Chinese legations abroad, receiving of Western diplo- mats in audience by the Emperor.

Results:

·1..

2.

building of varships was unsuccessful. Consequently, vessels had to be purchased from abroad. Military re- forms were unsuccessful. Fleets and armies were destroyed by the Japanese in the Sino-Japanese War. Led to militarism in the late Ching and the rise of warlords after 1911.

The China Merchants Steam Navigation Company, under foreign competition, lost to British firms.. Develop- ment of railways and textile mille vas low (railways began to work only after 1894), the Kaiping Coal mine was taken over by Hoover. in 1900, due to heavy debt to foreigners. The pro- motion of railways was nelgected after 1896, after which was controlled by westerners in their apheres of influence.

3. introduction of western

knowledge was unsuccessful. due to social conservatism and the Chinese sense of cultural superiority.

Students sent abroad were

recalled in 1881, due to. conservative pressure,

郭日僑華

reforms to achieve good foreign relations were unsuccessful, as the Western Powers re-adopted the "gun- boat policy" after the 1870s. Besides, in the late 1890s, there was the Scramble for Concessions.

On the whole, however, econ- omic and military reforms failed most badly.

(2) Trace the expansion of

Ana:

Russian power in East Asia in the second half of the 19th century, showing how it led to open conflict with Japan in 1904. How did Japan's victory affect her relations with the

rest of East Asia up to 1910?

Russiah expansion:

1. exploring expeditions were

sent by Ruesia beyond the Amur River into Manchuria in 1847.

2. In the Second Anglo-Chinese

War (1856-60), Russia made use of China's weakness by forcing her to sign the Treaty of Aigun, which ceded to Russia the left bank of the Amur and granted the Russians the rights to navigate the river.

3. In 1860 a Russian envoy was

sent to Peking. China then ceded the Maritime Province to Russia. In the same year, Vladivostok, a

Russian port in the Far East, was founded. Plans were. immediately devised to construct a railway linking Vladivostok and St.Peters- burg.

4. Vladivostok became a Russian

r al base in 1872.

5. In 1861, Russia tried to

Beize the island of Tsushima from Japan but failed to because of British inter- venti

tion

6. In 1875, Japan accepted a

Russian offer of the Kurile. Islands in exchange for Sakhalin.

7. Russian pressure continued

southwards to Korea and North China The Trans-Siberian Railway began construction in 1891.

8. In 1896, LL Hung-chang agreed

to the building of the Russian- controlled Chinese Eastern Railway through Manchuria to Vladivostok.

9. In 1898, Russia obtained the

lease of Liaotung, what she forced Japan to give back to China in the Triple Inter- vention. In the same year, the South Manchurian Railway vas built to link up Liaotung with the Chinese Eastern

Railway.

10.Russia also tried to penetrate

Korea. Russia encouraged the Korean king to cancell all the reforms introduced by Japan in Korea after 1895. In 1898, A Russo-Japanese treaty vas signed when both Japan and Russian agreed not to interfere in Korean affairs. But Russia continued to do so. conflict between Japan & Russia: 1. This Russian advance towards

Manchuria and Korea threathen- ed the political security of Japan. It was Japan's fear of and hatred towards Russia that led to the Russo-Japanese War.

2. Russia's interests in Manchuria

were both political and econo- mio in nature. Port Arthur was the strongest naval base while. Dairen was a commercial port. Through railways, political control, and álli- tary domination, Russia hoped to bring about a peace- ful economio penetration into China and to control Peking. 3. While the primary interests

of Russia were in Manchuria, those of Japan vas in Korea. In Korea Japan had large commercial and financial interests.

4. Japan was willing to compro-

mise with Russia. If Russia would recognize her suprema+ cy in Korea, Japan would recognize Russia's domina- tion over Manchuria. But

Russia rejected the compre- ise and continued advance towards Korea.

5. After 1895, militarism grew

rapidly in Japan. A war with Russia was thus inevitable. 6. Juring the Boxer Uprising in

三期星

1900, Russia sent troops into Manchuria, who refused to withdraw after confusion.

7. In 1902, the Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed between Britain and Japan. With Britain behind her, Japan was emboldened to challenge Russia.

a. In resisting the Japanese

attempt at controlling Korea, the Korean King fled to the Russian legation for protec- tion. Then an agreement was reached between Japan and Russia, but Russia violated the agreement very often by trying to control Korea's finance and sending korea Russian advisers.

9. From 1902 to 1904 Russia deliberately delayed the withdrawal of troops from Manchuria. 10.Therefore Japan decided on

war. In 1904 she delivered a surprise attack on Port Arthur, which was under Russian control. The war was on.

effects of Japanese victory! 1. Japan's control of Korea was

complete. First Ito secured Korea as a Japanese Protec- torate. Then in 1907 the Korean king was forced to abdicate. In 1910 there was complete annexation, follow- ing Ito's murder by a Korean fanatic. Manchuria became Japan's sphere of influence. The South Manchuria Railway Company controlled the area mining, building, sale of goods, tax collection and administration. Japanese. investments were rapid. The acquisition of the Liaotung Peninsula gave Japan a foothold on the Asian mainland which served as a springboard for further expansion into China. With Russia out, Manchuria now

became a bone of contention between China dna Japan. Continued conflicte finally led to the Manchurian Incid- ent in 1931.

3. Japan and Russia entered

into a secret agreement by which Russia acknowledged Japan's influence over Korea and South Manchuria and Japan la turn acknow- ledged Russia's influence over North Manchuria.

4. All these Japanese gains

violated U.S.A. Open Door policy. From then on, there was growing friction between the United States and Japan.

5. Meanwhile, Japan's intern-

ational status in East

Asia was heightened. In 1905 U.S.A. gave its bless- ing to Korea's subordinate positions to Japan. In 1907 there was rapprochement between France and Russia on the one hand, and Japan on the other. In 1908 the Root-Takahira agreement between Japan and U.S.A. confirmed the 1905 agree- ment. Japan had won her place among the powerą. 6. Japan's strength caused

the renewal of the Anglo- Japanese Alliance in 1905, and again in 1911. This hew alliance included. India in its scope and recognized Japan's suprema- cy over Korea.

7. The great power relations

in East Asia was stabilized. Japan amerged as a strong power and as shown later, an imperialist power. It marked the beginning of the apprehension about the emergence of Japan by the Western Powers.

(3) Describe the following

events and point out their impact on the development of the communist movement in China: (a) The May Fourth Movement

During the First World War, Japan had seized Kiaochow in Shantung from the Germans. The Chinese thought that after the War the territory would be returned to China, for China had fought for the Allies. But it turned out that England, France and Italy had already Becretly agreed to give the place to Japan and the Peking warlord government had already agreed to the plan. Chinese indignation over this was fur- thered by the Twenty-one Demands forced from China by Japan in 1915. On May 4, 1919, about 3,000 students in Peking demonstrated against the Versailles Settlement, the Japanese, imperialism and the

日八十月五年七七九一公年六十六國民中育教僑榮

warlord regime who, the students thought, was a traitor. The

students wanted three objectives: to arouse the nation's sympathy,

to compell the government to refuse to sign the treaty, and to dismiss the pro-Japanese officials. Support came from all over the country. At last the warlord regime yielded.

Seen from a wider context, however, this May Fourth Incident only highlighted New Culture Movement that extends from 1917 to the early 1920s. Old thoughts, conservatism and Confucianism were thrown away. New ideas like liberalism and Marxism were upheld, debated. It was a period of intensified intell- ectual changes. Nationalism in the form of anti-imperialism

the grew. The Movement saw political-consciousness of the masses. In literature, the popularity of the pa-hua ( colloquial language) at the expense of the classical written language was symbolic of intellectual emancipation.

Impact on Communism:

1. the Movement popularized

Marxism and Marxist- Leninist social and politi cal theories. Many Marxist study groups were formed after 1919 in large cities. Marxist journals appeared in schools and universi- ties. The breakup of tradition created radical- ism, and this, together- with the influence of the Bolshevik Revolution, facilitated the ideas of: Communism

2. In 1921, the Chinese Commun- ist Party was founded in Shanghai. This witnessed the. beginning of the Chinese Communist Movement.

3. Communist leaders;

in the 1920s or 1 Whether

rightly recognized the poli- tical usefulness to mobolize the masses who emerged to arrest the attention of these Communist leaders.

4. The Movement's nationalism

and anti-imperialism colored. later Chinese Communist ideology, Maoism.

5. The subordination of the

Chinese Communist Party to the Comintern and Moscow determined the Chinese Communist policies in the 1920s-- the Kuomintang-. Communist coalition.

(b) The Sian Incident (1936)

In 1936, Chiang Kai-shek sent his armies to exterminate. the Communists who, after the Long March, had retreated to Shensi. Chiang's armies consist- ed of those led by Chang Hsueh-liang, the son of an ex-warlord. Chang Hsueh-liang responded sympathetically to the Communst appeal for a united front to fight the Japanese, instead of Chinese fighting against the Chinese. Chiang Kai-shek personally flew to Sian to direct the extermination campaign, but was arrested by Chang and was held in costody for two weeks. During these two weeks, Chou-En-lai came to Sian to discuss with Chang and persuade him to release Chiang Kai-shek if he would agree to end the civil war and fight the Japanese toge-. ther. Chiang agreed, for

urban intellectuals had for years urged such co-operation to resist Japanese invasion.

The following terms were agreed upon:

1. Chiang, recognized the

Communist right to govern their own areas in Shenai, which were renamed as Border District Adminis- tration..

11. Communist armies were incorporated into the national armies under Chiang. The Red Army was renamed "the Eighth Route Army".

iii. the Communists agreed to

give up land confiscation and re-distribution (in, short, land revolution) in the countryside. Only \ rent reduction was pract-

ised.

iv. Chiang promised democra- tic reforma based on Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principle.

Impact on Communist Movement: 1. No longer chased after by the

Nationalists, the Communists could settle down in Shenai to practise land reforms, devise military strategy, and consolidate their own power. The Sian incident. gave the Communists a breath-pace to strengthen themselves so that in the end they won over the Nationaliste.

2. After the incident, the

Nationalists declared war on

Japan and was exhausted during the war. This indirect- ly favoured the movement of Communism in China."

3. The Communists' ready sacri-

fice to achieve the good of all China (in their appeal to end the civil war to fight the Japanese and their willingness to subor- dinate themselves to the Nationalists in the United. Front) won high public esteem and sympathy.

(a) The Marshall Mission

(1945-46)

Whereas America's

policy in China was uncondition- al support of Chiang Kai-shek's government before 1945, Washing- ton now adopted a new policy which continued American support; only an condition that the Nationalists would reach a settlement with the Communists. General George Marshall was sent by President Truman to mediate in China. He was told not to involve U.S.A. in any military intervention, and to urge Chiang to call a national conference of all major parties to stop the civil war. Marshall succeeded in arranging a cease- fire between the Nationalists and the Communista. But they argued over the conditions of collaboration. The Nationalists demanded the Communista to surrender their troops before establishing a consititutional government, while the Commun iats demanded the contrary. Nevertheless, a Political Consultative Conference was opened to arrange the new coalition government.

Then Marshall returned to U.S.A in 1946 to arrange a loan for China. During his absence. the Nationalists and the Communists again quamelled. The Nationalists believed they could exterminate the Communists very quickly, The Communists believed they would in the long- run win the struggle. Marshall realised his complete failure. ta 1947 Truman recalled him.

Impact on the Communist Movement:

1. The failure of the Marshall

Mission made U.S.A. O adopt a policy of "wait and see". Foreign help in the form of loans and military. supplies was therefore not large enough to Chiang Kai-shek. This indirectly benefitted the Communist movement and its ultimate victory.

2. During the Marshall Mission, the Communists furthured their penetration and consolidation of control of the countryside, especially in East and North China.

By the time when full-Boale civil war broke out again after 1946, the Communists were in a better position to fight the Nationalists.

3. The reversal of American

policy in 1945, advocating a coalition government instead of unconditional support of the Nationalists, recognized the Communists as a risen political force that could not be ignored. This increased the prestige of the Communists and therefore benefitted the Communist Movement.

4. The country's longing for

peace and stability reflected in the negotiations dis- credited Chiang Kai-shek's uncompromising attitude towards the Communista. The Communists therefore gained more popularity at the expense of the National- iste.

To be concurved).