1977-04-26 — Page 26

頁二第張七第日九初月三年已丁屬殘 WAH KIU YAT PO

*1977中學會考試題預習專欄

明德社主編

世界史(廿四)·胡應亮

WORLD HISTORY (24)

Account for the Communist

victory in China from 1945-49.

The Communist superiority over the Kuomintang was first of all military. The former's Leadership, for instance, was excellent from top to bottom. While Chiang Kai-shek did not seem to follow any overall strategic plan, Mao Tse-tung: and Chu Teh had a clear and long-range strategy that aimed at destroying Kuomintang forces. rather than, like the Kuomin- tang government, seizing territories and staying in the city alone. Communist field commanders, on the other hand, were selected on merit, in contrast to the Kuomintang generale who were chosen on. grounda of political loyalty to Chiang Kai-shek. While therefore the former waged aggressive battles, sometimes successful ones, the latter were mediocre and often out- right incompetent. The Kuo- mintang High-command suffered from frequent turnover of high officers and their reluc- tance to co-operate with one another. Corruption and poor distribution and organization of war supplies cost the Kuo- mintang lost battleafter lost battles. Soldiers were inade- quately paid and fed; training was poor; morale was low; discipline was bad, The Commun- ists, on the other hand, were well cared for and fought brave- ly because they were filled with a sense of holy mission, the struggle for the Communist cause. Wide latitude of decis- ion-making was given to Commun- ist generals on battlefields, so that, unlike the Kuomintang generals, they were not delayed by dispatches of order across long-distances, Whereas the Kuomintang adopted a defensive tactio and stayed inside the city walls to wait for the Communists, the Communists adopted a fast and mobile and offensive warfare, thus in effect cultivating a feeling of victory that heightened morale. Many, Kuomintang soldiers defected to the Communist camp. Indoctrinated and treated "favourably and leniently there, they would never be loyal supporters of the Kuomintang again even if they returned to the Nationalist side, as. some did return, for the Communiets allowed them to do

80.

Broad support from the peasantry was a factor that. accounted for the military victories of the Communists. The Communist soldiers did not abuse civilians; they paid for what they used, troops helped the peasants when the need arose. Also, political and economic reforms benefited the peasantry. In 1947, Mao, pro- mulgated a land law that abolished the landownership rights of all landlords and organizations to be distri-

A11 buted among the people. debts incurred in the country- side were cancelled. These commanded the enthusiasm of the majority of peasants, whose support to the Communists was manifested in their volunteer- ing for Communist armies, help- ing in military transport and supply, and fighting as militia members. On the Kuomintang side, however, inability of the government to control inflation and severe corruption of officials combined to alienate it from the people, especially from the intellec- tuals and the urban middle. class, on whose support the Kuomintang much depended. More, the Kuomintang. elite, who in the eyes of the peasants was identified with the traditional twin evil of corrupt gentry and greedy businessmen, abused the peasants with incredible' callousness." The legitimacy of the Kuomintang rägine, already eroded during the Sino-Japanese Var in its un- willingness to fight the Japanese, was emptied.

Beside policy, the Commun- ists also got support from various social classes by

Intellectuals their ideology. had been fiercely anti-

imperialistic. As the Commun- Lata were the most uncompro- ́misingly anti-imperialist

party, contrary to the Kuo- mintang which was helped and backed up by the imperialist United States, a favourable response from intellectuals to. Communism was elicited. From 1946 to 1948, atudents demonstrated against imperial- iet activities of the United

States in the Far East, such as the American plans of rehabilitating the economy of Japan. The Kuomintang suppressed such movements with arbitrary force, while the Communists responded to them favourably. Whereas the. Kuo- mintang seemed to have succumbed to Imperialism, the sincerity and firmness of the Communist anti-imperialist activities and attitude" seem- ed confirmed in early 1949, when the Communists clashed with and succeeded in defeat- ing a British naval frigate un the Yangtze. In terms of philosophy, on the other hand, Marxist concepts influenced many intellectuals, from the 1920s to the 1940s. Marxist class analysis, for example, appealed to the nationalists because it could account for China's backwardness in terms of the shortcomings of the old. Chinese ruling class, thus. avoiding any implications that national deficiencies were involved. Intellectuals could still take pride in the Chinese past while shifting the blame to the ruling class' tradition. It was a shortcut to self-

respect. Also, Marxism seemed toʻmean scientism and therefore modernity. By accepting Communiam, China seemed to be ideologically ahead of other western capitalist countries who had bullied her, for Communism was the most advanced philosophy even in Europe. The Kuomintang, however, offered these intellectuals only a return to a tradition that they had already rejected as rotteni and sterile --Confucianism Constitutionism and democracy were openly violated in prac- tice, so that the intellectuals were despaired.

For the middle class in oities, like merchants, pro- fessionals, the corruption: and incompetence of Kuo- mintang rule convinced' many of them that Chiang and his party were hopeless. Many in the middle class were aware that the Communists had capacity to maintain economic

stability and political order, what the middle class valued most. The moderation of the Communists' policies convinced many of them that Communism was not altogether a bad thing.

From the international point of view, the assistance rendered by the Russians in aiding and arming the Commun- ists in Manchuria was of considerable, importance. For the Kuomintang, however, foreign help was made uncertain by the reluctance of the United States to be involved in a Chinese civil war.

In sum

a host of factors went into the Communist success: Communist organiza- tional abilities, the military. talents of Communist generals, the attractions of Maroist ideology and Communiam, the disastrous effects of inflation and corruption on the Kuomin- tang and its supporters, the political flexibility of Mao and his associates and the incompetence and short-sighted- ness of many Kuomintang leaders. But the central factor was unquestionably the success of the Communists to mobilize vast numbers of Chinese, primarily peasants, into new political, social, economic, and military organizations. While the Nationaliste quickly lost support from many of China's social forces and stayed in cities surrounded by the vast countryside under the control of the Communists; the Communists finally succeed- ed in engulfing these little islands of Kuomintang bases in 1949. The People's Republic of China was then proclaimed.

附加數學

報日僑華

tana = tan (452A)

tan45-tan2A 1+tan45⚫tan2A

2tanA

A

1+1.

1-tan-A

tan2A

X

tan

-tan A 2

1-tan A+2tan'A

P

1-2tanA-tan-A 1+2tanA-tan A

二期星

sinzt 0.

2t0 or A

日六廿月四年七七九一层公年六十六國民中育教備營

these sides, it is danger ens to roll too far to-

tor

Ans.

If B=0, then tanB = 0 and the last ecuation is

1-2tanA-tan-A 1+2tanA-tan A

= "0

i.e. 1-2tanA-tan2A = 0

1.e. tan A+2tanA-1 = 0 Put x=tana, this equation becomes

..2

x + 2x TM-10 But if B =0, A » 221°

-(1).

x=tan224a is a root of

(1)

Now, solving (1), we have

−2±√22-4(1)(−1).

X =

2

̧-21212 --1 ±√2

2.

But x tangaļo is positive in value,

tan221 J2-1 Ans.

=(1)

2. 1x+my+n=0

(x−a)2+(y-b)2 = r2(2) Centre c(a,b), radius=r

Now, line(1) is a tangent to circle (2) if the perpen- dicular distance is equal to the radius and

({a,b)

the condition is 1(a) + m(b) + n

112+ m Squaring both sides,

(al+bn+n) 2

=

i,e, (al+bm+n}' r2(12+m2).

as required,

Since the tangent passes through 0, (1) is 1x+my=0 (n=0) But it also passes through P(6,2)

1(6)+m(2)

0

m=-31

1x+(-31)y

·(3)·

i.e.x-3y = 0 which is the required tangent. ii) substitute m=-31, n=0 into (3):

(al+b(~31)]2=r2(12+(−31)2] 12(a-3b)2 = r212(10)

(a-3b)22

2.

But the centre Q is (4,4)

a=4, b=4

---

} (4-3(4))2

substituting into (2) the required equation is

(x-4)2+(y-4)2 = 32 x2-8x+16+y2-8x+16 -32 5x2+5y2-40x-40y+128=0

3. x+2ax+b. O, roots p.q Sum of roots, p+q = −2a Product of roots, pq = b 210g|ly p+yq||

logy-p+y-q2

(廿四)

岑俊彦

**

Additional Mathematics(24)

Solution to Exercise 14

1. Given 2A + B = 45°

logf y➡p + 2,Y-P•„ÿ¬qty-q 10g| 2y=(p+q)+2{y—p)(y−c)} log{2y=(p+q)+2, y2=(p+q}y+pq{

10g| 2y-(-2a)+22-(-2a)y+b) 1092 y+a+ y2+2ay+b 1092y+a+ly 10g2+log|y+a+y2+2ay+b}

4. Velocity of ant, V = 6sin

2t m/sec.

When the ant is at a maximuAMİ distance A, from 0, its velocity is zero,

i.e.

V

0.

i) maximum distance OA

S

6singtdt

cos2t

≈ 6 metres

Ans.

ii) Differentiate v = 6singt with respect to t,

the acceleration

(6singt)

12cos2t

a =

315

the maximam acceleration

120052(5) m/sec? -12 m/sec2 128/sec2(travelling up-

wards)

iii) Integrating v = 6singt with respect to t.

Svat

=16sinet dt

-3cos2t+c where c is a *constant

When t = 0, 5 = 0,

= −3cos(0) +

C =

$ -3cos2t+3 which is the distance equation for the ant.

A

Now, s = 1 metre. 1-3cos2t+3

cosat =

the speed = 6singt

6. = 2/5 m/sec. Ans.

From (ii) the acceleration

12 cos2t

12.

8m/sec2 (travelling up wards)

An's.

3

5.a) (cos28+ising☺)

(cose-isine)"

cos60+isin60

= cos40-isin40.

Marcos60+isin60 Cos(-40)+1sin(-40)

ci s60 cis((-40)

- cis (60

= cis 100

(-48))

= cos100 + isin100

*. modulus = 1

z = x + iy

z = x - iy

zz + 2(z+ž) = 0

(x+iy) (x−iy)+2(x+iy+x—

iy)= 0

(iy)2 + x x2+y2+4x

which is an equation. circle

wards (7) edge, for

then (8). cot is

likely to tip completely

over, bringing (9),

whole bed down on top of

one,

with (10)

dous banging crash,

beauty

tremen-

B. (11) or none, there

is much to be said for

(12)

London fog. It

us all that 'change'

we are always need- ing. When our world is all but invisible, and growing visible bit by bit looks utterly diff- erent from its accustom- ed self, (13) stupid- est of us all can hardly s fail to observe (14) change

for our eyes at (15) least as great as there would have been in going to Glasgow. When, arriving at one's house or one's club, that monotonous diurnal incident

(16) :-* almost incredi-

seems

ble feat, accomplished with profound relkef and (17) gratitude for (18)

safe

deliverance, one has at (19) least (20)

accustomed sensation.

=

Answers

Revison Exercise (2)

A. 1. should travel

2. see

3. could

settled

5. pointing 6. were

7. might be gained.

B. 8. struck

9. was picking;

10. have been looking

11. do you have

did you expect

suggested

C. 12.

13.

going

14. was 15. offe

16.

to drive

17. had finished

argument = 100

Ans.

18.

packing

19.

left'

80%

thinking

21.

should have

B

2. Answers

B

D

Bevision Exercise (3).

1.

an

2. X

the required locus is a circle whose centre is

3.

the

4. the

(-2,0) and radius is 2 units.

Ans.

5.

the

6. a

7.

the

8. the

英文(廿四)·魯榮光・

9.

the

10. a

11. X

12. a

13.

the

14. a

15.

X

16, an

17. X

18. a

19. X

90. an

English (25)

General English

Revision Exercise (3)

Insert A, An, or The.

When no article is needed, put X.

A. Hy bed was

Read the following phrases. Pay attention to how the article is used.

With reference to

1.

2.

In answer to

3.

In reply to

= = = =

army

4.

in the morning

cot, one of those affairs

which are made wide enough

to sleep on comfortably

only by _(2) putting

flat with (3)_____ middle section, (4)

up,

two "wides which ordinari- ly hang down like (5). sideboards of (6)】

5. in the evening

6.

but

in the afternoon

7.

at dawn

8.

at noon

9. at night

10. at midnight

11. all of a sudden

12.

in a hurry

13.

as à segult

drap-

14.

as a rule

15.

leaf table. If I lift up

catch a glimpse of