1973-02-26 — Page 24

頁四第張六第日四十月正年丑発

WAH KIU YAT PO

TERKEJU

夏季

1978

中文中斷會考試題預習專欄

地理科(十八)。地研社。

·其指出石油之世界性分布及生產口: 世界長油田之分布如下:

1.美國:僑世界最大產油國,主要可分三版!

·包括風與西北河西側之德斯,阿背馬斯*奧克拉荷馬及考暨 斯各州,產量佔全國之中

BHAR ↑

上禮為西海岸一帶包括德路斯州,但路易安那州及沿海该在 帶之底油田。產油與上述A區同油有供應東北工業之廳 大熊求。

C 洛磯山區

目前主以岸加利與尼產量最多,但沿洛磯山區尚有豆大 之機液,此外陶注立斯加亦發現鉅大之位。

2.加拿大及中國區品

VAS • MAXLE

「帶及溫冊

搭山之東爾之愛蒙頓附近,以油管東西除

包幣英內瑞拉之馬拉波湖,千里達島(英)阿林熊哥洞( ORINOCOR) SEEŻERE (TAMPICO) FAREZ 馬特勒那柔(R.MAGDALENA)中说,各區多以通航點往 英國。

3.微區。

沿波听能四周之中最各國之僝油量連世界之半,但恕油廠少,多 WTMENT CADEN) (HAIFA). (SIDON) 土地用油經地中海運銷歐洲,主要营油區包括阿拉伯之特蘭(DH- AHRANES (ABQAIC), (QUTAR) ?EĦAL B

-AHREINI, KUWAIT) BAZER BAGHD CAD)及伊朗西南部之媒里區(SULAIMAN)鄉油蓋• 4.蘇聯及歐洲成:主要分三類,其中以確無。

豬區

主要油田包括巴康(BAKU)及伏爾加河至烏拉山區之油田· 2.主供烏拉山工業區之精,次筒高加索山北算之裕細司尼(G -ROZNY ) & ( MAIKOP )EARTACHEIZ 部工業區、第四區常裹海北岸沿安伯阀(R.EMBA)地带尔 BITNBZ-

•TANES AN

以東歐龜島尼亞篇主,此外改错及荷蘭有少量出

產量不多,肉以印尼之蘇門答腊及瓜佳爲最大產地,中國一向活

,但由新疆天山區及東北大慶油開探後,漸步向自粉,將來可能有

·希望椒出。此外倆甸,北婆,台灣及日本則有少囊出!...

石油之世界年量約為16億四百萬 (1956年)各國所佔比例篇:

25% €401ET ENƆ

16%256.64

委內瑞拉:11*(176.44百萬噸)

阿拉伯18%(128.32百萬蛾) 科威特‡8%(128.32百萬噸)

伊朗:6%(9624百萬噸〉

樹拉党:4%(64.16百西)

其他‡22%(352.88百萬噸).

·若將各國之年運量(1966年)作一比較。

1973英文中學會考試題預習專欄

經濟及公共事務科(十八)

Economic & Fublic Affai

"(18)

Answers to Last Exercise:-

10.

11 A

12. 0

13. A

14. D

15

16. Q

17.

18.

19.

20.

'Small business concerns arë

speculative concerns.

agree? Give reasons.

Answer:-

Do you

Whether small business con- cerns are speculative concerns can be determined through observations. and analysis of their management and structural characteristics, their market behaviour, and see if there is any external factor which affects their policies and leads to their special market behaviour.

Internal factors:-

...

Under this topic, it is in tended to analyse the management and strictural characteristics of the small business concerns, to prove that they are speculative in nature and the reasons thereof.

The first point comes from the fact that most small business. concerns are of a proprietor-owner type. The only owner of the busi- ness is at the same time its sole proprietor. As a result of this, there is simplicity and flexibili- ty in management, and policy making The owner-proprietor does not have to consult or discuss with another person for decisions. He himself can make quick decisions or formu - late new policies in response to any particular market situation. This allows him to speculate, because successful speculation depends on quick realization of chance and rapid reaction to it. In the case of large public com-

郓日僑華

-期星

日六廿月二年三七九一展公年二十六國民華中 育教憍華

蘇

美中法加瑞甲 其他

把

20

440

100%

世界鐵礦牛產比較

試透永方之應用,條件及世界主要永豐站分佈。 要有利用河水之位能(GRAVITY)冲激發動機而發電。由于 成本低廉,故以较其他動力資源爲簿。但兩水力站設飞所掛數銪! 同時又受諸多之地理條件限制,是做水力發觉之酒用不及防方脊

形

水力發赋之主要條件包括:

1.跟燕大的阿行或瀑布。

2.雨量豐富而均匀*全年多更佳 •

3.水愈站距用區近

4.光足的初期設置費用。

世界主要水德區之分佈用簡述如下

1.美國區:主要分佈於四區

,大湖區土

利用伊利湖與安大略湖間之尼加拉大瀑布發世。

B·阿伯拉牙山捷之澤祖國及英格蘭之冰鼬器。

C.田納西河之T,V.A.水電區。

西部水饿區

DHALID TOEGZEB (GRAND COULEE

DAM FEESATRÉZOBA CHOOVER · DAM)..

加拿大區:

:除與美國共有之尼加拉瀑布區外主要在猛羅倫斯河北岸各支流之古 冰似湖,此外太平洋能之病幫您亦有龐大之水站TM 3.北歐匹

包括挪威、芬業,瑞典及阿爾斯緻如塊上,德國:

•捷克奧大利亞德國南部,意大利北部,西班牙北部之比利尼 浙江西等。

主要水電區在伯阿下游,伏爾加速及與北部冰鍋湖區。 SZERE

以日本儒首,其次爲中國之四川及東北及台灣。此外則爲澳陳

Y

1.蘇俄區6瑞典

3中國、8委内

4法黶、瑞拉

、試進微难之品類,治療及世界性分佈與量。一般笞之,謝分

赤識,和憾。礦石採出後,堅碎用憶磁分免部分转式即係鐵

·砂,懷求須用石灰及焦碳初球所得會餓生嗽,再業者儒熟練。若生 迎去雜業後,保留0.5%至1之碳份者,則成餐。如加入試你

5加拿大、巴西

☑世界主要鐵礦分佈

180

∵微油之七界性分佈頗爲平均,其分佈可見绪

還礦之世界年費約為二億七千六百萬頓,各國所佔之比例約感: 1.各國所沾之比例約爲:

#30% 美國17%

THE 1896

法國76:

加拿大7%-

**6%

印度4%

委內瑞拉$%

預習題目:

1.何謂工業?工業可分那四大類?

2.述磯玉與工業的常保?

1784%

#13%

3.逃發要工業的主要燃件?(工業區位因素: 4.試遊情報主要工業區的分佈?

發電扒 22

壩

站基本結構示意

people may realize a santes, chance, but before the dis-agree- ing directors and managers come to a final decision the chance may have gone already. It is quite different in the case of sma 11 business concerns, though it may have other defects, concentration of management and decision making powers enable the owner-proprieto to react quickly to a chance and reap profit as a result. This is why small business concems are speculative.

Secondly, most owners QI small business concerns are ambit- fons, men who are not satisfied in working for another person. They have confidence in their own abilities and talents and they want to create their own future. "They are impatient to wait for long-term profit and success, because they want to prove to themselves and the others that they are able and successful. Since only speculation can allow them quick reward. They tend to speculate.

Thirdly, most small business concerns obtain their capital from internal sources, that is, they finance their business by

savings or the their own

The Savings of their families, there is no external liabilities. This factor psychologically encourages them to be bold in risk-taking, because they tend to think that they do not have much to lose, to be worst, they can only lose all their sav- ings. Thus they tend to be specu- lative.

The fourth point arises from the fact that the credit standing of the small business concerns is poor, thus they are denied of external financial assistance, therefore they have to rely solely on internal capital formation. As a result of this, they have to catch hold of whatever chance they have discovered in profit-making. They know that they have to in- crease and consolidate. their financial strength as soon as possible, if they want to continue to exist in the business. There- fore they tend to be speculative.

Two more points arise from the fact that small business concerns only have small capital

KEMANK TROJECTION

and that they are unable of obtain

first is -ing external funds. The that they are thus denied of long- term planning and financing. There -fore they have no choice but to speculate. The second is that their modest capital only allow them to engage in single line. production, thus unlike bigger firms which are able to diversify their risks by multi-line product ion, they have to assume greater risks. This encourages them grasp, profit whenever possible so that losses in times when business is bad may be covered. Therefore they tend to be speculative. External factors:-

Besides the internal factors small business concerns are some- times forced by external factors to be speculative. For instance, rapid technological development and planned obsolescence impinge the existence of amall firms. Moreover, the economies of large: scale production and capital in- tensive machinery are things which small business concerns cennot: afford. Therefore they are only allowed two alternatives: either give themselves up to luck, or to speculate in industries which.

Lare not very expensive to enter, not too deeply and easily affected by technology, and do not need too much capital intensive machinery Thus speculation is required of them.

Small business are vulnerable to public policies and government regulations. A new tax introduced by the government imposing on the import of a certain of raw materi- al may derive the small firms of their profit margin and lead to

the winding up of the small busi- ness concerns in the line. A new labour legislation may be also fatal to the small firms concerned On the other hand, any change in the import regulations or tariff of a foreign country into which the small business concerns are exporting can also be fatal to them. In view that there are so many factors beyond their control and the business world is so risky and not to their favour, they are forced to become speculators. They have to be very speculative in an unstable economy if they want to live on..

圀 世界主要水電站分佈

Market behaviour:i-

So far we have analysed the internal and external factors which lead to the speculative naʊ- ure of the small business concerns and now we want to use their mark- et behaviour as empirical proofs. of their speculative nature,

Most small business concerna adopt the 'grasp and run' policy deliberately. The highly dynamic economy provides new openings for resources and chances for new entrants. Therefore whenever there is a boom in a certain sector of

we can observe number the economy, -ous small business concerns rush into that sector to share the profit. They seldom bother whether the boom is a short or long one. What seems to be important to them is that they are able to recover their capital together with some profit. If the boom is a lasting one, it is all right, they can simply reap more profit than they have expected. If the boom is a short one, it is still all right to them, because they have already prepared to quit the market after they have reaped some profit of the boom. If the boom begins to decline and there are signs of a recession, due to the large number of firms now participating in the market and its subsequent saturat- ion and disappearance of the pro- fit margin, the small firms are ready to wind up their businesa and shift into a new sector of the economy which they expect will prosper in the near future. This kind of market behaviour is parti- cularly common in Hong Kong, and an example known to every one is the wig industry.

Another point worths noting is that the mortality rate of small business concerns is high, this does not imply that they have all gone bankrupt. The high rate is simply due to the fact that are speculative. As it has been ment- ioned, they may wind up because they expect a recession or that they see more profitable outlets in the other sectors of the econ- 5my. All these serve to show that they are seculative concems.

To conclude, the market be~ haviour of the small business concerns shows us that they are speculative concerns, and the internal and external factors offer reasons for their speculat- ive nature.