1972-12-13 — Page 21

WEFERENCE

13 DEC 1972

CITY HALE

TELUR-BRAN BADA-+EFINE WAH KIU YAT PO

育教僑華

1973英文中學會考試題預習專欄

然道遊文海院主編

化學科

(A)

Chemistry (8)

Solution for last week

The study or gases.

Boyl's Law

Boyl's law states that at a given temperature the volume of given mass of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure. That is,

constant

or PV = constant!

Where P and V represent the pressure and volume of the gas: the value of the constant depends on the temperature and weight of gas,

Another and very userul, way: of writing the law is this:

Where P and V1, P2 and V2 are any two different sets of values of the pressure and volume. Hence

Charles Law:

• If the pressure is kept con- stant, the volume of a fixed weight of a gas is directly pro- portional to its temperature on the absolute scale.

According to charles's law, af V is the volume of a gas and is the absolute temperature, have at constant pressure. VKT or a constant

We see that if a gas have a volume V, at a temperature T and the temperature is changed to

the new volume, V, at constant pressure, is given by the equation

or

(Absolute

ne gas equation:

ture. centigrade

For a given mass of gas, the

product of the pressure and volume,

divided by the absolute temperat-

ure, is a constant.

1978

Iconstant

中文中學會考試題預習專業

中國歷史科 (八)

楊楚璋·

中國歷史科預習答案 (三)五代宋(讀)

(); B

(D

(*)E()B (A)C

(三)五代座栄()

A. FRESH)

《一》吉和二年,蔡京,麗貫慫恿無宗,荻誰人與金人訂約,共同出兵波

282

́A ́MAR

BEER.

(2)徽宗

0°(3) (4)

D

E:BRA

V

郭日僑羊

Standard temperature and pressure:

The temperature and pressure selected are usually 0°C and 760 mm pressure, which are called. standard temperature and pressure (s.tip.) Example:

A certain weight vi a gaj nas a volume of 241 ml. at 1890 and 753 mm pressure. What would its volume be at st.p.?.

Let X = the required volume, Also, let P1,V1,T, refer to the first set of conditions and P2 V2 To to the second. Then we Р.

have

753 x 241:

760257

+273) (0+

753 x 241

291

224 m1.

Gay-Lussac's Law of combinin volumes

This law, describing the behaviour of gases, when involved in chemical reactions, was stated by Gay-Lussac as follows:

When gases react they uu su in volumes which bear a simple ratio to one another, and to the volume of the product if gaseous, temperature and pressure remaining constant.

For examples:

2 vols. hydrogen + 1 vol. oxygen

101s, steam

nitrogen 3 vols. Hyd roger

vols. ammonia

vol nitrogen + 1 vol. oxygen 2 vols. nitric acid

Avogadro's hypothesis:

Equal volumes of all gases and vapours, under the same con- ditions of temperature and pressur contain identical numbers molecules.

Teduction or Gay-Lussac Law from Avogadro's Hypothesis

Assuming that when molecules of substances react together they do so in the ratio of small whole number, then if two gases, A and B. react togethen in such a way that

molecule of A combines, say," with 2 of B to form, say 2 mole- cules of a gaseous product, 0, it follows that

X molecules or A will require 21 of B and give 2X of C But by Avogadro's Hypothesis,

If X molecules of gas a occupy certain volume (say VC.C.), then 2X molecules of gas B will twice that volume ( Viz. 2VC,C,) and

2X molecules of gas C will also

occupy twice that volume

(viz. 2V0.0.

xample

做情忠

(六)公元一二〇六年,維人出師伐金,經果失敗:

D 史還 `E翰

B

上2南宋末年,缀慶壯烈犧牲,有「宋亡三傑」之者為:

(1) BAM

(5)交天鲜.

(2)陶秀夫。

A (1) (2) (3),

B (2) (3) (4);

C (3) (4) (5)

D (2) (3) (5)

(2)(4) (5)

(八)宋代甿字案,有「北宋五子」之稱者,除親職,捏願之外,尙有:

(1)糕

(2). M

(3)周软镇定过

-A (1) (2) (3).

B (2) (3) (4)

© (3) (4) (5)

(1) MALAY

(4) 張數

(4) 周软蛋

(5)

面蹤

3靖統二年,金入破汴京,操何人北去,史稱「靖康之

(三)宋

(3.).

A (1) (2):

B (2) (3)

·D (4) (5)

B (2) (5)

(4) 神宗

業,政治形勢已趨好寫,寫奈何以傾心和麟,其原因為:

(1)貎金人深儷恐懼,不敢輕啟戲。

(D) (1) (2) (5)

E (2) (3) (5).

理期中之「新環學派」,其代表人為:

A(1) (2) (35

B (2) (3) (4)

D:C1) (2) (5)

E (2) (3) (5).

代理喔,可分為四大況,卽。

(2)

(2)列忠臣死亡殆盡,無法再軸on

(3)网多人想和職,遼增長苟安之心。

(4)恐武宗得選,將會發生虽位德宪

(5)主戰者告武人,深感日徐蒧纏難制。

A (1) (2) (3)

© (3) (4) (5)

(1) (1) (3) (4) (5).

-B (1) (2) (3)(4)-

(四)紹興十一年十一月,宋金之和眼條狀,包括有

(1)染料開湘瘦於金,金册未宝饿。

(2)宋嵗業銀桐谷二十五萬問。

(3)金全生區及正且,宋撞健營駕。

【》公

(4) 金希谦斯宗梓官及常太后。

老5) 朱金國辣,實以滩水,西以大散藏儒界

A (1)(2)(B)(4)

B. (2) CI) (4) (5)

G(D) (D) (4)-(8)-

D. (19(32047.057

F: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

A. 波

一年,全主亮率兵六十萬伐宋,四個人大四方於采石:

D 臭雞

Ak

A (1) (2) (3) (4)

B (2) (3) (4) (5)

C (1) (2) (3) (5)

D (1) (2) (4) (5)

B (1) (3) (4) (5)

乙組(無答題)

試下述洋武帝之政裁及武功...

8.甲:政治方面

(一)分化諸侯*澳初之侯王國,雖無影帝大力削弱,然找

喊土,仍相當廣闊,元期二年,武帝後主父偃之戀, 传来恩之令,准许王侯等以將關代立之外,並可將個土 、分恰我除餚子,由中央給予封號。如此,諸侯國王勢力 894 WDTITRE IS FETAREW • SBBRAIOTER

光元年(公元前140年)下蔬保畢餐息方正,也 之士,親自絲問,荒仲舒提出「天人三

三期星

日三十月二十年二七九一屡公年一十六國民華中

If 100,c.c. of nitric oxide were split up into nitrogen and oxygen, What would be the volume of the residual mixture?

2NO

2 molecules of nitric oxide give 1 molecule of nitrogen and

molecule of oxygen.

of

by Avogadro's Hypothesis. volumes of nitric oxide give

of nitrogen and 1 volume

100 c.c. or nitric oxide | give 50 c.c. of nitrogen and 50 cic. of oxygen.

total volume or residual mixture 50 +50

= 100 cic.

Atomicity of Gases

The atomicity or an element his one number of atoms contained

in one molecule of 1*.

For elements the atomicity,

or number of atoms in one molecule is given by

Atomicity

molecular weight "atomic weight

The hydrogen molecule contains

two atomS

Hydrogen

{1 vol.)

Chlorine hydrogen

hydrogen contains two atoms, we can deduce the relation between molecular weight and vapour den sity more formally as follows:

Vapour density of gas A

Weight of X ml, of A! Weight of X ml. of hydrogen Weight of n molecules of A Weight of n molecules of

hydrogen

Weight of 1 molecule of Weight of 1 molecule of

hydrogen

Taking the weight of an atom of hydrogen as the unit of mole- cular weights and knowing that one molecule of hydrogen contains two atoms, we have,»

Vapour density or A molecular weight of A

2

Henoe, Molecular weight of Vapour density x

We shall use the simpler relation unless otherwise stated Bome examples are:

Formula Molecular Vapour

weight density

oxygen

02

32

(1 vol. )

chloride

(2 vols,)

carbon CO2

44

22

d1oxide

Arimonia

NH3

8.5

Hydrogen

Hydrogen + Chlorine

→hydrogen

HC1

36.5

chlorine

18.25

chloride. (2X moles.

Exercise

Therefore, by Avogadro's hypothesis

(X moles) (x moles)

Hydrogen Chlorine

mol)

пої

--hydrogen chloride

(1 mol.)

molecule of hydrogen chloride must contain a whole number of hydrogen atoms, because atoms are indivisible.

molecule of hydrogen contain

1, 2, or 3 etc. atoms.

1 molecule of hydrogen con- tains 2, 4 or 6 etc. atom.

A molecule of hydrogen contains at least 2 atoms and its formula

is H2, H2 or H etc.

Experiments prove that

volume

of hydrogen never forms more than 2 volumes of a gaseous compounds. Therefore 1. molecule of hydrogen probably contains only 2 atoms and its formula is H2.

2

i.e. 1 molecule of hydrogen

2 atoms only.

By a similar reasoning we can reduce that the atomicity of chlorine is 2, and we thus write for its formula, CL¿./

Molecular weight of a gas is twice its vapour density.

•Knowing that the molecule of

前128年),設做博士弟于飛五十人,凡赠一镪者導補 ∵史,還使儒學成燜中國正統思想......

(三)整頓游俠風載送初,游然之風盛行,武帝於元二年

(公元139年),開始在長安西北得水對岸建造肤牒

(即茂院)並於裁地景色,元朔二年(公元前127年)

,夜晚工程完族,主父眞建關徒全國各地官户需族於 決,以健集中管理,武帝從其類,並以事族誅當時之廠 ∵東大的郭觧,遼將獨上游俠之風整頓

《四》武帝於公元前140年,立年號,稍建元元年,太初元 年(公元前104年)從圣卿,來過,司馬遷之願,改 ∴易新法,開除樂之媒友歷,改用建宮歷,沿用落。 (五)建出人政府;初,永相一職,幾乎全由功臣或其子 弟-

任,武帝用公球弘爲惜,又龍用儒生,士人政府 20

it經濟方面

武帝任用吸飲商人孔備,桑弘羊等用,實施新濟政 饿,要如下

(一)張鐵酒專:規定編鍊,酒為國營專利,分世宜,鐵 18年官,榷酤官以主其事,嚴禁民間以赛,私排,私願。 【二】不油跌:於京設局,對天下貨物,聊實貴資,以帶抑

物價,防止囤积居奇。

(三)均输法:桑弘羊蛇在各地設將觀官,就地微次食品

本轉運對市假萜高之地出售,得殘灣經國

《四)統一貨幣:澳初,私鋼盛行,錢多不合標準,武帝乃壓

私解,並由官力造五銖鐨

1:武功方面——:

〉平朝鮮:秦末粘人面滿作亂,東走朝鮮爲王,至採右转 *不自附瀕元封三年(公元前108年),武帝兵时 悅,朝鮮人殺右溪降演,滿於其地景榮棄,臨屯虫

T

(二)征匈奴元期二年(公元127年)、奴入便漁

MN,KAERA MESED, TRIP • KUOEZE.B CAR • A

∵元狩二年(公元前121年) ,武帝用霍去病燈謼驗 將軍出擊匈舰,盡取河西地,匈奴逃奔燃外。

元狩四年(公元前119年),命衛鴨、其去病出擊 漠北,期追匈奴 古戈壁,漢於其地機消事+武* 張掖♭袭媁四

(三)海四象;糖元二年(公元前189年),武帝派到西 ̇城,聯合大月氏共擊匈奴,途中被匈奴斯律拘禁卡餘 年,逃脫落大月氏,大月氏不願輕啟戰端,張業居寧 餘妬歸,漢湉洞悉西域情形。

元封三年(公元108年了,請教觀奴攻破, 樓蘭科,使西行得以無阻

初元年(公元前104年),派李黌利率兵二十勩| ‘然大怒,破之,不良子说,澳之擊或西渝冷雜,震撼

श

(四)準南鹺陽雄及東甒:李光三年(公元138年),望 坎菜廳求救於潢,演巧椀氣兩人於江酒問。元卷 五年(公元前1123) 离越相呂嘉抗命,武帝遣路博 鏃,場僕擊之,取其他分證,珠、南湘、蛋

林白浦安赴,九箕、日南永豁六年,遣備伐 關鐺,平之。沅封元年(公元110年),排其於洗

Calculate the volumes which would be occupied at the given

final temperatures and pressures. by the gases whose initial volumes

and pressures are temperatures given.

Initial volume

,400 ml.

287 ml.

initial

Final

temperature temperat

(a) State.

1790 and 740 mm.

N.T.P

ures.

N.T.P

1.590 and

735 mm

(i) Gay Lussac's Law Lii) Avogadro's Hypothesis (b) Deduce the relationship. between molecular weight and vapour density. (c) A gas mixture containing

20 ccs. of carbon monoxide and 40 ccs. of oxygen was exploded. After cooling to room temperature the volume of the remainign gas was 50 ccs. but was reduced to 30 ccs. after shaking with a solution of

Caustic soda.

Show that these figures are

in agreement with the law of Gay Lussac

之間

通夜郎

《五》平西南夷;鄭元六年(公元前135年)冷

○元光五年(公元130年),決於夜郎及附近之地置

-媒儒那。元六年(公元前111年),平定

舸準,於是西南夷皆粉粉請個鄀,澳途闔越無郡,此 郡,这山郡,成都郡,元二年(公元109年),復

2.王莽簋天之超過如何?並詳述王閔生之內容,其失散之原因

#7 客:元帝時,后族王氏拣款國政•王、王音王病,王根相關政 、王機臨終,年我自代·成帝永始元年,王莽封新都顾。平帝立 *莊進位太傳,安溪公,起明營、胖瘤,靈台,憫士于築含威| 間,艾秘飲国三十頃,捐銈百萬,以分瞰貧民,元始五年,王莽 想不帝立子饿 自稱假皇帝。初始元年,孺子裡位與 王莽時部悅。改國號日薪。王尹创位後即大學改革,我分述如

(一)土地政策:恢復井田制,改天下之田儒王田。不得自行實 響,一家另了不滿八口而田過一打者,餘田分箱九族的里 ;鄉堂,一未受田畝·王列侯,占田不得超第三十一。 (二) 會政策,王莽規定奴婢冏長島,不得說愛,無藥者,

黛布一四,否則提照奴役。

(三)財政政策:金木土,毅,在在均之官,俾四民常均 13.立司市之官,以平抑物價;立采府之官,魯饪定 欸於民;並大覽之今,將曬。钂,祖,在山大洋,五始除 貨,錢布粛冶等六項,由國家管理,廢澳五銖錢,另立

·貝,鍾布之幣制,根綿假貨,共五物,

(一)缺乏路:王新突性腐剛復自用,有從古制,不顧斗

實,朝令夕改,官民均無所遞從。

(二)欲制不觉:癶政策,原需谢廷增加收入伍奥雷典民争利 ,加以管食圈,人民未見其利,先受其書,敌治對新政

(三)酵制混别:王非所創之幣制,使用不便,民間的用餘廳

*王菲禁,於是引致社會招濟陷於崩潰。

(四)對外用兵:王欲武功以轉移人民目標,先後找高鷹

,因效,西南及,均遞敗亂,國庫空曲,民不聊生。 3.演光武中興之經過如何?並越防寒之治 答:王菲末年,寨地起。與龍元世開劉詢、船秀兄弟於地三年

(公元22年),起兵春映,抽澳宗密劃案路領袖。地皇四年, 陽二瓶,對禿破非兵四十萬。製玄劃秀經略北,秀宝河北。 除开的,又得祺土鄧街,滅钱、耿舜之助,上符太守航况亦來 謎•遞擁有灉北中部及西部之地,又平定鋼馬饥寇,包位於鄙 *改武规武,是蹋光武带。即位後卽軍始還存条屭,天下 復護一辦、史輝光武中興」

光武死後,明帝嗣位,除風帶術,糊起大學,主持大射,老唯 礦,又命王景縱復黃河決口,消波熊等数十年之水齡,奪帝關位 *輕信灣職,親赴鬭里祭配孔子,病請魅於白光觀,討論調桃* ∵∴變成優美風俗,史稱“明軍之治」

B. Z#CB#

1.東漢目和帝以障,國勢日峩•批期內個在? 2. KMRBREEZET?:/

3.誠述區寶興亡及社會萬網如感?