1972-12-10 — Page 10

頁二第張三第日五初月一十年子壬展夏

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1973英文中學會考試題預習專欄

經濟及公共事務科 (七)

Economic & Public Affaire

(7)

1. "Single proprietorship nas

both advantages and disadvantages" Discuss .

Answer: - There are different types of business units existing in the commercial world. One of the old- est type of business units is the single proprietorship. All kinds. of business units alike, the busi- nessman produces goods and servic- es for his customers with the hope of earning a profit by efficient operation. A profit in the busi- ness sense is the difference be- tween the selling price of a good or service and its actual total cost,Sometimes if may happen that expected .profit becomes nonexist- ent.or.

a loss.

In the case of a single pro. prietorship, the business is owned

the owner. by an individual. Thus, of the business will be the boss. He does not have to consult with: the others for the adoption of a new policy. Therefore, his deci- sions can be put into immediate effect without delay in consultat- ion with someone else as in the : case of Partnership. This is one of the obvious advantages of Sing Le Proprietorship. In fact, this is an important factor goveming. the success of a business. Demand in the market changes easily. If the proprietor makes a correct

estimation in the future, he can adopt a new policy as he wishes so as to meet the future demand" As a result, he will reap greater profit. In the case of Partnerw ship or Limited Company, much............

partners or shareholders.

time is taken in adopt

when a

a new policy. By the unanimous decision has been arrived the demand may have chang: -ed already

The second advantage lies in the fact that it is relatively easy to start the business. All ne has to do is to secure the necessary facilities, tools, sup- plies, goods and so on, and opens his doors to his customers. Anyone possessing the legal status to act for himself may start in busi-

ness.

Thirdly, the proprietor tends to make his business as efficient

as possible. This is e

whether. the business is ful or not depends on his effort spent on it. If he makes a profit all the profits will belong to chim. On the other hand, should

there be Losses, he is the only one to shoulder the losses. In case of insolvency, the creditors may take all the assets of the business that is in default, cany other business owned by the pro- prietor with certain exceptions as set forth in the bankruptcy law. Hence, we understand that unlimited liability may both be an advantage and a disadvantage.

·While unlimited liability may be: a disadvantage in case of failure, it. is nevertheless a factor that nay contribute to success, becauer the single proprietor who possess-

es noidings other than those used. in the particular business enter: prise iş usually able to secure "nore favourable credit than a pew gon without such resources,

Fourthly, single proprietor can maintain a closer and more personal contact with the custome ers. This means that he can pro- vide the kind of commodities or services that suit the demand of his customers.

Nevertheless, single proprietor: ship is not without disadvantages The most obvious disadvantage is: that of the smallness of the busi、

WAH KIU YAT PO

報日僑筆

ness, Large-scale projects or lon -run commitments cannot be embark ∵ed upon due to the smallness of

his capital, Expansion of the w business can only be possible if the structure of the business is changed. It may obtain: extra cap- ital by changing into Partnership.

Another disadvantage of Single Proprietorship can be seen concer -ing the right to control, Con- tinuity of operation and control

over a substantial period are

difficult to achieve in a single

Cproprietorship. With the death ot

the proprietor, his business

ceases One of his heirs may con- tinue to operate the business, but there is no guarantee that the heir possesses the same ability.

Single Proprietorship has both advantages and disadvantages as mentioned. Nevertheless, many large firms nowadays originated in this way.

2. mat are the functions of a bank? Does Hong Kong need a Cent- ral Bank?

Answer:- In any country, the com- plete: Janking system consists of commercial banks and central bank The aim of all. commercial banks. is profit-making. A Central Bank has a different aim. The chief: objective of a Central Bank is to regulate money supply. A Central Bank is either State-owned or closely under Government supervi- sion. In U.S.A. there are 12

Federal Reserve Banks. In Englan: the Central Bank.is State-owmed. The Bank of England performs the functions: of a Central Bank.

It is essential to note the. different functions performed by commercial banks and Central Bank The functions of Commercial Bank ing System can be listed below:- Firstly, it accepts deposits.

Customers can deposit cash in the panks and in return, the banks will pay interest on deposits.

Secondly, Commercial Banks act as agents for payment. Cheques are used by current accounts customers to settle transactions. Cheques become more and more wide ly used today as a method of pay- ment in business. This is gener. ally recognised as the most con-

venient means of payment":

心

Thirdly, commercial banks.

grant loans to customers in vari- ous forms. In fact, bankers can:

much more by lending to

customers, One form of Tending is in the form of overdraft.J

12. this: casey the customer is allowi ed to draw cheques for a sum greater by the amount of the ove: –draft than the balance standing. to his credit. Of course, the customer has to pay interest for. the overdraft. Another way of lending is in the form of die- counting a bill of exchange.

· This means that the creditor is able. to be paid at once by the bank for the bill of exchange. The bank will collect the debt when it is due for repayment by charg- ing an interest- to the creditor.

Fourthly, the commercial banks algo perform miscellaneous funct ions. They act as. trustees or executors for their customers in the purchase or sale of stock- exchange securities. They also transact. foreign exchange business

The above are the functions of commercial banks. For a Central, Bank, the chief objective is to regulate money supply. Up to the present moment, Hong Kong does not have a Central Bank, This can be seen easily because note issu- ing in Hong Kong is in the hands of Commercial Banks. Three Banks are: authorised to issue bank noter in Hong Kong. They are namely the: Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, Chartered Bank and the Mercantile Bank. Issue of Bank notes are of two types. Firstly, the Authorised Issue is backed up by the bank's own sterling asset. It takes up a small amount. According to the figure of Hong Kong and Shanghai. Bank, the amount of Authorised Issue in 1968 is $30 million. The Second type is Excess Issue. It is backed up by Certificate of Indebt -edness issued by the Exchange Fund The amount of Excess Issue

1978

日期星日十月二十年二七九一曆公年一十六國民華中教育僑華

中文中間會考試題預習專欄

生物科 (七) ·梁景桓•

溫習範圍

菌类頁-5人生阅係,即菌類对人類之 利害阅係

(2)滅菌法及防腐与消毒的原理 (3) 免疫学及其應用 預習題目

1.選擇題

(1)用蒸汽殺滅細菌之内孢子温度要注到,

A) 1000 (8):100°F: (C) 220°C (DI150°C E2250°F 2.腐生细菌对農田肥效有所貢献是基於下列那一項 (4)能分泌酸特動植物遗传分觧(3)能分解

礦物(C)能寄生殺滅之中害虫,(四)能固定变 氣中之氮素,以增加土中之藝肥

青黴素是一種(A)抗毒素類毒素,抗生素

3.抗體是一種:(小)醣類、(旧)寄主体所座生的 特黑蛋白質(4)细菌体所產生的特異蛋白質 四一種抗生素

免疫作用是由(A)抗点(B)抗件(益素可抗

生素西擴張素之作润而引起

<以類毒素為抗原以類毒素為抗伴(注射 抗毒血清,画拉射抗生素,可產生白動免疫 馬天花是一種由细菌、黴菌:渡过性毒 中海生性原生動物侵入所引起之傳染性疾病。

3)下列那一種不是自動免疫(4)接種牛痘(霍 亂预防注射心,注射白候抗毒血清:白喉预 防注射,E)接種卡介菌。

抗生素可從山黴菌,病毒作

3. 動物排泄物中提取出来。

03下列那一项是鲜牛奶低温消毒法所用之面当 温度与时间:71°C15分鐘(8363 3分鐘 * 719 15#7 {}, (C) 62°C 304734, 09100°C 358) 2A何謂免疫?免疫的要素為何?

B.何謂抗原?何謂抗体,抗体的種類有幾! C.何謂自動免疫?何謂被動免疫?两者有何不

同試列表比較。

D.試以種牛痘能預防天花為例說明人工自動

免疫的原理

3A試述滅菌的原理

3.何謂防腐,防腐的方法有幾?逐一说明 |防腐的原理:

之何謂消毒?

4.試述菌類在工業上及简约上的利

5.根瘤菌在農業上の利用分何慣値,它対象

素的利用情况如何?

《如果地球上所有的细菌都被消滅,地上

令苔生甚麽現象。

7.试述酒精炭酵与乳酸素酵的化学变化:

何以鲜奶会变酸成為酸牛奶、 二上期答案:

1us a等体,1細胞核, 液胞Æ細胞質

d細胞壁

(2云賓繁殖;孢子生殖,接合生殖,

喜生活於陰暗,溫暖的蔗汁或果汁中, (4)將酵母放入蔗糖液或葡萄液,果汁中置

bi nung kung ang Shanghai Bank in 1958 is $1825 million..

The question of "Should Hong Kong. need a Central Bank?" was revealed in the Tonkin Report 1966, Tonkin is the Manager of: Bank of England. He finished the Report in 1966 and it was handed into the authority condermed. Theoretically speaking, Hong Kong should have a Central Bank to per form the function of regulating. money supply. In practices, it is not easy to establish the Centra7 Banking System due to t the diff1= culty in modifying the existing Banking'System in Hong Kong. It will be more convincing if we'

於溫暖的環境中3-4日,酵母便能迅 連行云芽繁殖,大量增加!

(5) 在有氧的環境中,酵母细胞質分泌出酵 素(内细胞酵素)將吸收之葡萄糖分解為 CO及水而釋云能量而進行生命活動 其反應式為:

+600+6H2O+能

C2H2O + 60,

“在供氧不足或缺氧的環境中,酵母產生 酒精酵素行酒精發酵,(無氧呼吸)將 糖分解生成酒精及CO与釋云能,其反應 式如下:CH.Or

-2 C2H OH † a CO2TÁS

(7)同酵母不能產生澱粉分解酵素,故不

能利用澱粉作為呼吸之物質。 用空氣中野生型,酵母孢子.落於果汁中便行 酒精發酵產生酒精,故芨生酒味,但空氣 亦有醋酸细菌芽胞存在,当落下果汁中便 能行醋酸酵特酒精氧化生成醋酸故 若生酸味,其化学式如下。

CHOH + O酵素

→→CH COOH + Hote 72真菌细胞中均具有一定形態之细胞核,而裂 殖菌细胞中均無核膜,核仁,亦不養生典型 之有絲分裂:细胞中央僅具有頗長之DNS

電子需曲摺疊之禁色物,

酵母雖然是草细胞,但亦具有一定形態 冷胞核冷其他真菌細胞構造-故應 列為真菌,而细菌细胞並告成形上胞 核与一般裂殖菌特性相符,故為裂殖菌 40)结果如下

:(1)糖液有氣泡花生,使糖液混濁 (2)養生酒精氣味主常带有酸味

(3) 石灰水云生子色混濁或沉澱

解釋

酵母分泌云酒精酸,在在缺氧情况中行竞氧呼 吸嗾葡萄糖分解而成酒精与C02 故有 氣泡及酒味之管坐其反夜式如下:

C¿H-0.→20HzH+2c0_TE 由於: COL经導管引入灰水中结果生成碳 酸白色沉澱,反應式如下 *Ca C«H) + CO─→ C&CO↓ + HO 更因空氣中学存有野生之醋酸细菌之 芽胞故能使酒精继续氧化而成醋

酸故常带酸味,反腐式如下,

da蕈盖、山草褶蕈柄;蕈輪 e假根(地下菌絲)子菌洗手 J罩褶

长担子梗:不育性菌絲·子完房孟按下属 £菌絲层m担子柄(担子细胞),担孢子

(3)吾人食用之部分实在是香尊之子传部

(3)生活於陰暗,温濕之有機質上,如木材

樹皮,糞土,草堆等地方

(4)填表如下

有毒!

蕈蓋色鮮艷或有花紋,尊蓋灰黑暗淡,立花纹

夜班:

2.断口常有乳汁流出 35.銀器接觸,銀 紧变成灰晤或黑色,

4.带有磷腥惠臭

£ 生長於有光的環

或班奌

2新唾液汁流污

3.不会银器专色,银

̇器仍保持金属光澤

4.日晒乾後,带芳香氣味

岁生長於陰暗的地方

6.在黑暗中髮云磷光 6在黑暗中童磷光生。

look at the characteristics.of Hong Kong Banking System. They are:- Firstly, we do not have Central Bank in Hong Kong. Second -1y, there is a high degree of cosmopolitanism in the Banking. System. That is to say, banks are operated by multi-nationali dea. Thirdly, there is a lack of institutional diversification. and functional specialisation. Commercial Banks perform all form of functions that should be per formed by other institutions.

Questions for next week

There will be a multiple choice exercise for next week.

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