1971-06-04 — Page 19

育教僑華頁三第張五第 日二十月五年曆夏 WAH KIU YAT PO

英中會考歷史科答案(續)

SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO HISTORY (CONTINUEDĮ.

HONG KONG CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION:

EXAMINATION

What were the aims and achievements of the Self-Strengtn ening Movement? Why was this Self-Strengthening Movement" eventually a failure?

With recent defeat in the Second Anglo-Chinese War, with Western encroachment on China reaching a new height in 1860 in the Anglo-French seizure of Peking, and with the Taiping rebels defeated through Anglo-French military aid, the Ching court in the early 1860's came to realize the importance of Western military superiority. So did some of the officials. The result was the formation of the idea of "Self-Strengthening" which soon was to be- Done a movement.

From the very start, it was clear that China's attempt at strengthening herself was for self-defense purposes. The movement was from the start not an appre- ciation of Western culture or Western ideas. It was imitation. It concentrated more on military Westerniza- tion, Military than on any other aspects. The reason was obvious. Westernization was treated as a weapon for China's self-defense and it was also the solution to

China's domestic and foreign problems, Although "self- strengthening followed several lines - diplomatic, fis. cal, educational Industrial, communication and military

priority was given to the military aspect, Local occacials proved more enthusiastic in building up their regional military strength than in encouraging local industry or administrative reforms. Machine shops, arsen als, and shipyards were quickly set up to make Western arms and vessels. Powerful governors-general such as Tang Kuo-fan and Li Hung-Chang were busy in buying foreign arus and in establishing small arsenals at Anking, Sep- chon Nanking and elsewhere. In 1865, Tseng and La com bined their efforts and set up the Kiangnan Arsenal at Shanghat. However efforts at military modernization die not stop at Tseng and Li, Tso Tsung-Tang was another governor general to modernize bis regional military. strength. Ir-1966, Tao Tsung-tang, with some French assistants, set up at Foochow another arsenal for the manufacture of foreign arms. Besides setting up an arzenál, Tso also established a naval yard and technical school for Faochow. Besides all these, military, Westernization included also the formation of military colleges for training: cadets in the art of war, Naval academies and military colleges thus made their first start in China.

China's self-strengthening efforts also covered the diplomatic field. The years after 1860 sau the diplomatuo modernization of China's foreign affairs. Firstly, China age-old tribute-system was done away with. Secondly a special office (yamen) for handling China's diplomatic Felations with the Western nations was set up. This was the Tsungli Yamon. This Tsungli Yamen acted like a Forcën Offics to some extent. The result was that Sina-Western relations took new turn. This modernization in Chans diplomatic system was welcomed by the Western powers. In so getting up the Taungli Yamen, China strength her diplomatic position in future bargains with the Wectern powers,

In the fiscal field, China's custome service reache new stage with the maturity of the Imperial Maritime. Customs Service in the 1860s. The Contribution of the Imperial Maritime Custome was that it helped much to strengthen China's fiscal position, The Imperial Maritime Castous, honestly and efficiently administered, increased China's revenue. The Customs proved to be an asset vol Coina because the Customs revenues were treated as China valuable security whên Ching borrowed loans from Westenn banks. The efficient and orderly customs-collection of the Imperial Maritime Customs provided China with a steady revenue. Thus the steady and increasing revenues of the 1.M.C.S. provided funds for China's other modernization programmes,

In the field of industrial modernization, although results were not too satisfactory, China had at least made a start. China made a start in her coal-mining in dustry with the operation of the Kaiping Mining Company, The Shanghai Cotton Cloth Mill was another example of China's early start in the textile industry although results were not satisfactory,

In strengthening China's communication, the China Mer- chants Steal Navigation Company played an aportant role. For a time, the Company competed sucessfully with the foreign shipping lines in Chinese waters. Although the Con- pany eventually stagnated, if dominated China's ca

ann trade

for quite some time in the field of railway communication. aothing Laportant was done. However, China's telegraph.com munication made a start when the Shanghai-Tientsin telegrapo line was first opened. Finally China's postal system also maŭr

good start

In the process of her self-strengrneuling, China did pay much attention to the educational field. In 1861, the Tung Hen Kuan (or Interpreters School) was set up at Peking. Although rt did not prove, a success, the start had been made ä1 usta blishing schools for studying foreign languages, Besides, tre. Chinese government also sent students abroad to study and this was important because the decision signified a change in the Chinese attitude towards festern learning

parsueq,

Although self-strengthening and modernization their achievements were comparatively limited. Firstly, it may be said that the objective of self-strengthening was too nar row. Priority as given to the military field The other aspects were thus relegated to secondary. Importance. Iven then, military modernization and strengthening was not concerted an effort. In other words, military modernization dao nor take place at the national level. Efforts were disconcerteo. Modernization was only undertaken by regional authorities and not by the national government. Secondly, modernization did not receive. whole-hearted support from the officials. On the contary, there was much opposition to programmes of modernization from apn=" servative officials. Thus self-strengthening was doomed, Its deathknelt was China's shartering, military defeat in the Sin10 Japanese War (1894-1895). And the Movement was thus ended with defeat:

What were the problems that the Powers had to face in Washington Conference (1922)? What were the main terms of the treaties and agreements, reached at this conference and what their importance?

In general terms, the Washington Conference (1922) as a diplomatic effort to effect a chief postwar (2.4. nosi yorld Nar I) settlement in the Far Last, It was called, mainly on American initiative. The countries concerned most were China and Japan. A main objective of the Conference Las the stabi Azation of strained Sino-Japanese relations. The second objective

SEAL

was to deal with the China problem with a view to improving Sano Western relations. The thurs was to re-appreciate the position of Japan in the Far East mit regard to the United States, Britain and Japan er frum

The problems facing the Powers at the Conference were by no means simple. Firstly, to stabilize and ease the strained Sino-Japanese deadlock was tedious. Japan had robbed. Chans of the Shantung Peninsula (1915) had presented the Twenty-One De mands which infuriated every Chinese, and had shown her lust for Mongolia and Manchuria, China had been wronged ano vic timized. There seemed no chance of resolving the Chinese hatrep

for Japan To break the Sino-Japanese deadlock, the Povera nao to handle the thing with the utmost skill and diplomacy. To break the deadlock, both sides (China and Japan) must concede to some concessions. Our could Japan ve persuaded to disclain ner var gains? How much yould China accept These were problems which extorted great skill and diplomacy from the Powers in short, the objective could by no means be achieved easily

The problems of stabilizing Sino-Vestern relations and of stabilizing the relations among Western Powers in Chine vere casier said than done, First, to stabilize Sino-Western re- lations, China necessarily had to establish a stable central government. She had to become orderly first. It was not simpäri.

·China was raging with warjors Second, the Western Powers: 16: Ching could not easily agree with one another because of materizi conflicts. Mere agreement on paper to some high-sounding prine

ciples such as Open Day would be, meaningless if they were not backed up by action.

The third probter of minimising Japan s. wartime expansion,

This: of limiting Japan's naval threat vas ever more difficult had to be done either by a threal on Japan which the Power- were not prepared to adot or by skillful diplomacy Agathi's was an exacting task-

Though faced with so many prou! cms and obstacles the Washi con Conference did come to some success. The treaties signed t the Conference to a large extent provided possible basis for international starlity on the Far East. This was achieved part- ly because Japan co-operated in the settlement and was willing to give up her wartime rerritorial gains in the First place the Anglonjapanese, alliance was abolished, with no equally firs alliance to take its place. Second, I was ration of naval arma- ment, one primary pureuse of the Conference was accepted or 5-5-3 ratio for Britain, the United States, and Japan, 144thorne provise, that no Anglo-Ameribar naval bases would be developée east of Singapore or west of Be a Tharp, lapar agreso, re withdraw from Shantung. Thus, in return for assurance Sa panese naval domination of the we. orn Pacific. Tapar with ev to her territorial position of 1903, except for korea Fanat the Nine-Power Treaty signed at Washington in 1922. Corma klys proclaimed everyone's suppoù 1 as the Open Door

citorial integrity and administrative ndependence of Chỉnh,

As a consequence of these agreeme, Japan withdrew from shantung, and China recovered the port of Tsingtao, Sino-Japanese relations were for the meantime stabil ved. An easing of inter- national tensions was thus the main ach vement of the Washing con meetings, moreover the Washington Ce erence and its sub- sequent treaties ranked lapan as a Great Power, forming a trio with the United States, and Britain in the Far Fast. The naval treaties gave Japan naval domination of the western Pacific, which was a good harvest for Japan, a

Write briefly on TWO of the following, stating their in- portance in Sino-Japanese relations:

The Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) --

The Treaty of Shimonoseki was the prize Chan paid for her

vic military defeat and at the same time the fruit of Japanese tory in the Sino-Japanese War. The signing of the Treaty had repercussions on Sino-Japanese relations.

Firstly the Treaty reminded Japan that China vas not really. so strong as she had been thought of. It ended, tic traditional Japanese image of Chinese superiority. The Treaty signified Japanese military victory and China's, weaknesses. It therefore sowed the seed ai Japanese teritorial ambitions on China. This feature of Japanese ambition became the key rnene of future Sino-Japanese relations (from 1895 to 1945).

Secondly the Treaty obliged Chana to recognize Korea's Independcrices thus ending all Chinese claims to suzerainty of

prestine of horea forever. The Treaty in fact elevated. Janan while crushing that of China,

the Thirdly, the Treaty obliged China to fece Formosa, Pescadores, and the Liantung. Peninsula to Japan, causing Chine territorial dismemberment while giving Japan island-colonies. Ty anevitably embittered some Chinese, në

Fourthly, China paid an indemnity of 200 million taela, This gave Japan still a greater economic ascendency over China.

• Pisthly, the Treaty obliged China to negotiate a commercial treaty with lapan, This commercial treaty, signed in 1896, gave Japan all the privileges that the Western powers had in China. This gave Japan the status of a destern treaty Power capable or exploiting China,

In short, the Treaty proved to Japan's advantage and to.. China's disadvantage. The most important bearing, however, was the strain it gave to Sino-Japanese relations and the destructior of China' superiority in the eyes of the Japanese. From then ontards. China pecame the prey of Japan's ambitions

4.5. by The Shantung Question

Japan first took the initiative in straining Sino-Japanes relations by occupying Shantung. She ended up easing the Sino- Japanese deadlock by returning Shantung to China, Japan's ocu cupation of Shantung, was a dominant feature in the course of Sino-Japanese relations..

Then the First World war broke out in Europe, Tapan was more than willing to exploit the situation. Although China de- clared her neutrality in the War (1914), Japan sent troops to: tand at Shantung in the name of fighting Germany in the Far Cast Japan flouted Chinese neutrality and seizes all Germân dossessions in Shantung. Thas spurred the latent Anti-Japanese sentiment of the Chinese people, from then onwards, the Chinese labelled Japan as the number one enemy, that the Chinese longed for was the seizure of Shantung agas.n.

Thus the Shantung problem was the factor that ruined Sino- Japanese codwill. It was also the factor that divided China and tapar into enemy positions at the Versailles Conference, table (was also this question that chiefly accounted for China's non-ratification of the Versailles Treaty, And China left. versallies with an unreconciled enmity of lapan

It was also because of the Shantung issue that brought China and Japan: back to the Conference table at Washington. The Washington Conference succeeded in easing the Sino- Japanese tension when it negotiated the return of Shantung to China, thus bringing a conclusion to the hostility. A. c) The establishment of Manchukua (1931-1932)

The establishment of the Manchukuo followed the Japanese conspiracy of the Mukden Incident. The Manchukuo was the pre- liminary step for establishing a Japanese continental empire. in the eyes of the Japanese. However in the eyes of Chinese the Lianchukuo was simply a puppet of Japanese uppertalise for the destruction of Chana. Because of this very fact, the Man chukua was looked upon. by Chinese as a sumbol of Japanese ag-. gression. It reminded the Chinese of the long-established Sino- Japanese hostility. In short the Manchukuo was regarded as the peak of the Japanese threat. With its establishment, Sino-" Lapanese relations came to the lowest ebb.

ith the coming of Manchukuo, China and Japan was on the blink of war. And because lapan recognized Manchukuo as an in- dependent state, patriotic Chinese came to the conclusion that China and Japan, had again returned to their previous hostile confrontation.

(To be continued),

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四百餘間增至八百餘間 年增至十三萬四千八百餘名 學校亦由 一九六七年有學生六萬六千八百餘名 昨

本港三年來幼稚園教育

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接第五張第二

英中會考地理科答案:

(A)

Irrawaddy by canal so it la commanding, cre two river valleys. routes of Irrawaddy and Sietang.

It is well orotected because, it is located on the southern odne oz Pegu ona.

It has

rice oralucing hinterland,

The functione

country.

It is also

of Rangoon are nanj..

the

Canalstrial centre. With raw materials obtained.

fron its hinterland, there are rice millo, saw mills, oil refinery, chemical manufacturing and steel mills,

Owing to it favourable site, if is the chist port of the

country, handling most of Burma's exports and importa.

is the commercial cantre of the falta zondon.

due to her

(To be continued)

英中會考化學科答案(綠)

SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO CHEMISTRY (CONTINUED)

HONG KONG CERTICICATE OF EDUCATION

EXAMINATION

70-400 610.

From the equation,

2 moles of ethane yield 4 moles of carbon dioxide

(4 x 22.4) litres of CO2 at N.T.P

* - 4 x 22.4 - 49:6 (litres)

2 soles of ethane yield 6 moles of water, or 6 x (2 • 16) gm. of water

16) - 108 (gm.

ration of chlori

thisel funne

manganese dioxide & conc. bydrochloric aciá

water to

remove BCI gás

conc.

50,

to: iry, the gai

chlorine

Chlorine can be prepared by oxidising concentrated hydro- chloric acid with managnse dioxide, an oxidising agent. Manganse dioxide in the form of lumps is mixed with concentrated hydro- chloric acid in a flask. Arrange the apperatus as shown in the diagram, Heat the mixture gently. The greenish-yellow oblorine is evolved, which is purified by passing theough a bottle com raining water to remove hydrogen chloride; the gas is then dried 1th concentrated sulphuric acid and collected upward displacem sent of air (downward, delivery).

(b): (1) When sodium nitrate is heated, it decomposes to

form sodium nitrite and oxygens,

2ND NO →→→ 2NaND2 * 2↑

When lead nutrate is heated, it decomposes to lend monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and pryge 2Pb (NO32

→→→ 2P₺0 + 4NO2 ↑ + 02 ↑

When silver nitrate is heated, it decomposes silver, nitrozen dioxide and oxygens

ZAgNO_ -> ZAg +

02

Limstone dissolves in dilute hydrochloric acid:3

aco

+ 21101 →→→ CaCl, H2O

(40 12 4BY

100

(12 + 32)

Carbon dioxide is absorbed in sodium hydroxide solutions

2NaOH + CO

Co

From the first équation 2

of

wole of CaCO, gives i mole of CO

100 gm of

• CaCO3 gives 44

5.1 go. of CO, are derived from

te, 11.59 gme

of calcium 11.59

100 12.5

rbonate contained in the limestone

92.75

The end