1971-05-02 — Page 16

日期星日二月五年一七九一展公年十六口民華中 育教僑華

頁四第張四第日八初月四年多辛盛夏 WAH KIU YIT PO

報日僑華

罗僑榮

1971 英文中學會考試題預習專欄

新光出版社主編 SUNLIGHT

PRESS

地理科

(THE)

1971 英文中學會考試題預習專欄

新光出版社主編 SUNLIGHT

歷史科

PRESS

GEOGRAPHY

(二十七)

PART C

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LESSON TWENTY-SEVEN

1st May, 1971.

The Upper Course (Torunt ).

Water is in small volume but swift. Effective lown cutting occurs here. A deep Veshape appeared in the -section. Interlocking spur is found in the upper course. roded material here is boulder usually. Large angular rocks oll down by swift stream and steep gradient. Pot-holes are orged by drilling of whirling current and stones. If the

ver flows in hard rock strater the stream can down cut only, herefore gorge is found. If the river flows in soft rock, The sides are smoothened by weathering.

HISTORY

1. What were the origins of the First World War?

None of the Powers wanted a European War.

Their govering rulers and ministers, with very few exceptione, all foresaw that it must be & frightful atruggle. In which the Loss of life, suffering, and economic consquences were bound to be terribla. Nevertheless, a European War broke out. What were the forces a work which contributed toward bringing about the event? A brief survey of European, istory after the mid nineteenth century may throw Light on the subject. In simplified terms, we know that in the forty years following the Franco-Prussian War, there developed a system of alliances which divided Europe into two hostzie groups. This hostility was accentuated by the increase of armaments, aconomic/ rivalry, nationalist ambitions and antagonisms But it is very doubtful whether all these dangerous? tandencies would have actually led to war, if it had not been for the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand in 1914. This was the factor which consoli- dated the elements of hostility and started the rapid and complicated succession of events which culminated in

World War, and for that factor Serbian nationalism, was primarily responsible.

The system of European alliances which contributed} much to the saking of the War could be traced back to the 1870's. Bismarck, with a view to maintaining peace, and survival for Germany after her national unifice tion, knew very well the importance of an alliance- system for Germany. Thus the Dreikaiserbund was formed In 1872 (among Germany, Russia, Austria) with the objectives of ensuring German security and of isolating

Germany's subsequent alliances, namely the Dual Afiance (1879, between Germany and Austria), thế Triple Alliance (1882, Germany, Austria, Italy), and the Reinsurance Treaty (1887, Germany, Russia), were all created with the fundamental aim of strengthening German security and 180lating France, Bowever, after the dismis- sal of Bismarck in 1890, France increasingly drew Russia to her side. The reasons for France were obvious. If Germany hoped to isolate France for security reasons, 80 did France. In fact, France was on the defensive. The signing of the Franco-Russian Military Convention (1893) thue secured a success for France. In a similar spiritg the 1904 Anglo-French Entente Cordiale added one more ally to France. By 1907, the French desire to secure a defensive alliance for herself was finally materialized in the formation of the Triple Entente (France, Britain and Russia). On the other hand, there was Germany, still clinging to her long-time ally Austria. Thus Burope was split in to two alliance-systems. Tms, these alliances were originally for defensive purposes- but the situation was complicated by Austro-Russian rivalry in the Balkans. Germany, bound by obligations in the Dual Alliance, had to support Austria in ber Balkan adventure. France, yearning for the recovery Alsace-Lorraine and ending the German menace, had to support Russia. Thus with the alliance-system ready at hand, Europe was easily turned into two hostile wardemps. * If the alliance systems created tension in Europe, the armament race made th situation even worse. Fear, distrust and suspicion drove the European states to strengthen their armies and navies. All the large atates except Britain remodeled their armies along Prussian lines and spent huge sums on military equipment. A special phase of the race was the naval contest between Britain and Germany. When successive German naval programs were made know, many Englishmen were convincen that the Germans were intent upon des troying British naval supremacy. To the British, this supremacy a necessary because Britain was an Asiatic, African,

Thus

quƆtrallan ag vaji se Suropean power. What was more. neral supremacy was essential to an island power dependent upon imported food and see-bome trade. the British ear thawelves compelled by the German competition to spend large sums in maintaining their navel supremacy Bowever it was not only Britain alone which took up armament. Austria-flingary did not fall

behind. In 1912, Austria-Hungary called more recruit 8 to military service. So did Russia. She increased both, the length of enlistment and the size of her army, The next year France added to the size of her army by extending the period of military service from two to three years. The increase of the armed strength of both France and Russia seriously alamed the Geman government and caused it to raise its standing army to almost 800,000men, Thus the greater states of Europe, organized in two grona, faced each other in full panoply:

Another source of internacional discord was imperialism and economic rivalry. almost every alliance and alignment of European powers was more or less directly the result of imperialist policies and ambitions. The desire a Temany to dominate the Near East and of Austria to extend

its influence in the Balkans was a major factor in Germany's foreign policy. Again, a far-reaching imperialist bargain was the basis of the entente between France and England in 1914. Although localized imperialist clashes had not turned into general war, they did strain European relations. How far colonial rivalry shaped European powers' foreign policy, it is not easy to say. Tet one thing is certain. It is that imperialist rivalry had created crises for the European states as illustrated in the two Moroccan Crises. And closely associated with imperialist rivalry was the economic ivalry among the powers. Their strugle for profitable markets of investment and colonies of raw materials

large extent accounted for their feelings-of hostility.d

to

VOLCANO AND VULCANISH EJECTION OF.. MATERIALA

(1) GASES - Stean discharged by active volcanoes lacuse quantity with clouds of dust and ashes lifted aloft by up-rushing column of steam and other gases. The gases. contain sulphur, hydrogen, chloride and other gases,

steam condenses in the upper atmosphere and causes corrential convectional rain near the volcano, the razn is also due to the moisture absorbed in the air from the, steam of the volcano. Lightling also occur owing to the friction of ash and atmospheric disturbance.

I.B. - When a volcano erupts again after a period of ott silence the original passage may be brocked by a column of volcanic rock which was formed when the previous activity died down. So, secondary vents may develop around the orifice. Small deposits of volcanic rocks may occur at these vents to form secondary volcanic cones. If the mountain structure is strong enough not to offer, any passage, the whole upper part of a volcano may be entirely blow off to form a very large vent which 18 called caldera,

53); LAVA - Originally from magma (hot fluid of silic

a product wher content and different gases). Lava is gases escaped. So the composition of lava may be different from magma. The lava, is divided into two kinds:-

(a) Acid lava - Tight in colour, rich in 911icate

Silicate content lava is very viscous and so it flows very slowly. The lava after solidification at still shown the pillowing form and the form na a name called. panoèhoes

·(6) Basic, lava – consists of less silicate. Instead of

“silicate, ut consists of iron, magnesium, Therefor the colour is darkish and less viscous. The name for it is að or black lava

PYROCLASTIC MATERIALS

Volcanic block - the shape is angular.. volcanic bomb - eclepsoid, it is hollow what the crust there are many holes calle

hollow part is called punilce...

3.

apilli (small stone)

inder (smaller than Lapi!11).

5. ash or dust.

THE WORK OF RIVER

(1) Degradation (erosion)

The Middle Course (Valley/foothill course)

Water in the middle course is in great volume, for Joined by several mountain streams at different level. Flow decreases, as gradient decreases though volume increases Down-cutting supplemented by side-cutting (lateral cutting), Variation in erosion down cutting and side cutting less effect down stream. Except infflooding. Deposition begins og at, the lower park Bending of river appears at the upper part, irragular landscape is in a winding course. Erosion is both side and downward. Deposition is found especially in the lower part. Meadering occurs and river bends en great loop. As there is an increase in toops, there are more complicated geanders. Meanders migrate gradually downstreams and widden river valleys at the lower part.

(a) normal fault

the middle

cles. The

mal Far

(1) Transportation (bringing away eroded material (II) Aggradation (Beposition)

The above 3 things are depended on the energy of river: (1) volume {11 velocity (111) gradient of land

A The Ways of Erosion

Corrosion → a chemical action which dessolves "material in water,

ii) Hydraulic action - a mechanical action of

materials by water,&

(111) Corrasion water itself plus particles will erode

the floor c of the river.

Attrition they hit one another and wear aw

Laces to De ervato

Headward erosion water comes out from the head of spring, loose material are gradually eroded away These materials are called spring sapping. So the river wall run far and far into the mountain. fertical brosion.

1) Lateral Erosion along side of river. This

ostly noticeable at the river banks

river - A graded river is a river, whereby the erosion

in the upper course balances the deposit in the low-

er. course..

the Cross Profile of a River Cross river valley is V-shaped.

(a) Upper course - effective down cutting occured here.

Therefore, the upper course is sharp v-shaped.

(b) Middle Cousse – replaced by Lateral erosion, therefo

the V-shape is widened as down cutting is accompanied by side cutting.

(c) Lover course. An almost flat V-shape in Lower course

because of deposition.

Complicating the situation, there was the Balkan question. Fundamentally it was the nationalisms of the Balkan peoples that made war imminent. It was as much an Austro-Serbian conflict as it was an Austro-Russian struggle. Moreover, what made Balkan nationalisma so dangerous was that the national ima threatened Austria's survival. For Serbia, she felt a natural and justifiable impulse to do what so many other countries had done in the 19th century -to bring under one national Government all the discontented Serb people. ❤ Serbia had liberated the Serbs under Turkish rule; the next step was to liberate those Serbs under Habsburg rule. Serbia, looked to Bussia for aasiatança and she had been encouraged by

asia. In the eyes of Austria, Serbia's actions, were simply threats to the survival of the Habsburg Empire. Austria had to deal with Serbia in order to

survive, From Austria'e point of view, she was acting in self-defense not against an immediate. military attack, but against the corroding Greater Serbia and Yugoslav agitation. Serbia's propaganda

f liberating all Serba and Slava in the Austrian mpire could indeed lead to the destruction of the Empire. Certainly no Government can be expected to

Severse Fault

DiP FaulE

Rhine

Black Forest

aft with folded arms and await dismemberment at the bands of its neighbours.

Thus when the assassination came, Austria had to ask for severe retribution, Otherwise Austria would be regarded as incapable of action and would sink in prestige and hasten her own downfall. Austria had to crush Serbia with war

Austria was to survive. The Austrian Gevemment deliberately framed the ultimatum with the expectation that Serbia would reject it. Moreover Austria hurriedly declared war against Serbia in order to forestall. all efforts at mediation. However Austria atacalculated. Instead of fighting Serbia alone in a localized Austro-Serbian war, Austria found herself also faced with Russia. "And then Russia mobilized, war became inevitable. Then it only required the alliances to drag the rest of Europe in to war.

Thus the World War was not a day's making, Was the final outcome of a generation's hostilit y and accumulated rivalry. The hostile alliance-groups) were there; the armament race was there; imperiallet, economic and national rivalries and antagonisms sere there; and finally the generation-old- Aus-tro-Serbian dispute sparked off the explosion. urope was then plunged into the disasters of war