1971-04-25 — Page 11

REFERENCE LIBRARY

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昇日橘

育教僑頁三第張三第

1971 英文中學會考試題預習專欄

ER SUNLIGHT PRESS

歷史科

KISTORY

Ontasions in Lesson 25.

1) Question No. 11

(廿六)

Four statements are true and

one is false. Pick out the FALSE one."

Suggested

to Lesson 25 :

7 R9 R

8. T 10 T

LOSIN 203 FÅR BAST.

1. Compare and contrast the opening of China and

Japan by the West.

The story of the opening of China and Japan by the last came in the nineteenth century. It was essentially a story of Western maritime expansion into the Far East. It led to the establishment of full East-West contact. It was the offensive of a militarily, technologically, indus trially, commer cially md materially superior West on the one hand, and the def onsive of a more inert Orient on the other.

That both China and Japan ware on their defensive- in face of Western expansion is a point of similarity. In the opening of China, it was the West which came and tried to force open the closed door of China. It was the West that came and sought to establish normal diplomatio relation with the Middle Kingdom. The Macartney Mission" (1793), Anherst Mission (1816) and the Napier Mission 1834) cae it quite clear. It was also the Westem Nations that sight to establish more health, trade relations with China. However, the geographically and commercially passive position of China does not mean that China had no freedom of action. On the contrary, Chins did have her freedom. She had the Canton system to protect herself from to muth Westem contact. However it was exaobly the Canton ysten which the Westem nations (especially Britain sough to destroy. And when war cane (1839-1842), it was China which had to defend her system. If China was on her derenstys, so was Japan, Having enforced her seclusion policy for more than two centuries, Japan was forced to. defand sich a policy when the West attempted to force her door opm. Certainly it was not Japan that sought to esta- blish diplomatic and trade relations with the West. It was the other way round. And after Japan signed her treaties with the Vestem nations, she was even more on the defensiv Japan lew the Importance of protecting herself against further wiequal treaties of she was to survive. With foreig- ners on their soll and protected by unequal treaties, the Japanest as wall as the Chinese were necessarily on their defensive. They had to resist any demands by the Wester powers is far as rossible.

Another point of similarity between the opening of China and that of Japan is the fact that both or them signed mequal treaties with the foreigners. In other words the treaty-system was the guide-line along which Sino- Western and Japanese-Yeatern affairs were conducted. A21 the same, the opening of China and Japan were followed by the establishment of a privileged position of the Westerners, He pecfter, extraterritoriality, treaty-re- vision, equal-opportunity-idea, and the most-favoured-

nation principle became prominant features of East-West affairs, In Chine, the Sino-British Treaty of Nanking (1842) inaugurated the treaty-system, whereas in Japan, the Japanese-American Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) was scan fillowed by other treaties.

However, points of contrast are not abeant in the opening of China and Japan, Firstly, the opening of Chins was achieved only by e military victory on the part of the West First Anglo-Chinese War) furthered by yet another military victory on the part of the West (Second Anglo- Chinese War). The opening of Japan was achieved without a war, Rather, it was achieved by a threat of war. It was simply diplomatic victory on the part of the west. Japan capitulated without fighting because she had seen the dar ast of China by the West. Japan bad learned.

of Japan created probisme whiab cosiderably helped to bring about the destructio of the Shogunate. It may be said that the opening of Japan

cost Japm a change of government. Although 1 Le equally true that the coming of the Westernera to China also created problems for the Manchu dynasty, the dynasty survived much Longer.

Stoondly, the opening of Jose

Thirdly, the opening or unine was accompanied by the loss of territory. The Treaty of Nanking trasferred the island of Hong Kong to Britain. In the case of Japan, no territory was forfeited in the treaty settlements. The later commercial treaties were also negotiated amicably without further loss of territory.

lastly, the opening of China was preceded by smugg Ling activities. Even after the first Trestles, the smuggling- trade was still unsettled. Whereas in Japan, no smuggling trede was developed and the absence of such activity helped to simplify much complications in Japanese Western dealings. ince Japan Es near to China, it seems almost certain that. the successful opening of China in the 1840s would even ually lead to the ending of Japanese Isolation. Al though. opening as achieved for both, the courses of events in poth cas were in some aspects alsi different.

2. How did the First World War affect. Sino-Japanese relations

When a major war broke out in Europe in August 1914, Japan was for the first time in a position to intervene in European questions. The War not only provided Japan with a golden opportmity to elevate her international standing, but it also decidedly, changed the Far Eastem scene, With the coming of the War, Sino-Japanese relations took on a nev tum

the First world war provided a chance 101 Jap. nefarialize her ambition a building up an Empire on the Agilan eshtinent Japan's first object was the vast territory of her on them tal neighbour, China. On August 15, 1914, Japan demanded that Germany withdraw or disam her warships in Far East waters and surrender to Japan the leased territory. of Klaochow. When the demand wao 1mozel, Japan Reclaro war on Germany. Japanese troops landed at Shantung end took all Germ possessions in Chine. Though doing 30 under the disguise of fighting Germany, Japan could not fool anyone. It was shply Japanese aggression because China had declared her neutrality early in the war. By landing troops in Shan- tung, Japan flouted China's neutrality. However, Japan was able to scape from this criminal responsibility ecause other powire were engaged in their Buropean struggle.

Not contented with the mere possession of Shantung,

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1971 英文中學會考試題預習專欄

**RE SUNLIGHT PRESS

地理科

GEOGRAPHY

PART C

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LESSON TWENTY-SIX"

ANDFORMS.

Mountains. (Continued)

(廿六)

24-4-71

b) Horst: - The movements of the earth crust are in a

vertical direction. Block mountains have been formed by the uplift of land between faults or by the subsidence of land outside the faults:

(e) Volcanic countains- A volcano 18 an opening in te

earth crust through which steam, gases, dust, ashes, molten "rock are ejected and also other liquid or solid matter. The ejection of these materials is thought to be caused by earth movements as well as chemical and radial- active reactions bringing about a release of pressure far below the earth surface. The gradual accumulation or laya (molten rock) and ashes around the volcanic crater- causes the volcano to take up the form of a mountain. NOTE: There is a close connection between folding, faulting

and earthquakes and volcanic activity. Most of the active volcanoes are found in regions of fold mountains where the earth orust has been weakened in the process of fold- ing, and they are also situated near the sea. The ring. of volcanoes which surrounds the Pacific Ocean has often been referred to as the "Fiery Ring of

Ring of The Pacific"."

Residual Mountains: A mountain left standing after the Residua surrounding area had been worn away, These mountains may have been worn down from a block mountain, a fold moun- tain, or a plateau where had river cutting down the plain : and carried away the material away, the part left with hard and more resistant rocks is called Residual Mountain.

B. Plains - A plain is a low and nearly riat piece of

(a) Formed by depositiont

Plains of deposition generally have deep and fertile 80118. Main disadvantage are swampiness and danger of floods. (1) Coastal Plain either formed by deposition or

denudation of materials on the sea floor, followed in both cases by uplift of the area. (11) Alluvial plain - Alluvial plains are formed by one

accumulation of silt deposited on both sides of a river, They are narrow but long.

(i) Lacustrine Plain This kind of plain may be a d

from shall san në Iskon filled un with river-borne deposits.

(iv) Deltale Plains - Deltaic Plains are formed by the

accumulation of silt deposited at the mouths of rivers. esg The Ganges: Brahmaputra Plain. Outwash Plains - Outwash Plains are formed by the alluvium deposited over a large area by streams originating from the melting ice at the end of a glacier.

Deep sea plains - Deep ses plains are formed by the altion of volcanic dust and finely divided deposits called oozes at the bottom of each ocean floor.. Formed by Denudations:

(1); Peneplain (Peñeplane) Peneplane is formed when the.

higher land was being eroded away.

Plateau (Tableıxikiji

It is high and relatively flat land-form. It is formed either by denudation of higher mountains area or by earth movements.

(1) Intermontane Plateaux hen a plateau is fringed wy

high mountains on both sides it is called Intermontane Plateau.

"

11)Piedmont Plateau It lies between mountains and bora

ing plains or the sea.

Dissected Plateaux When a piece of high tableland as cut by rivers, it is a dissected plateau, (iv)Continental Plateau is one which arises abruptly fros

the lowlands or the sea.

VOLCANO AND VULCANISM

A volcano is just a conduit connects to a reservoir of hot molten magma beneath the earth surface. The volcano in general

included the neck (conduit), vent (orifine) and the edifice (or the mountain build up on the vent

Vulcanism included all the activities of the magma reservoir whether this activity is taken place either inside the earth or outside the earth. The general characteristic of this activity include 3 partas (a)Out-going of the lava

Explosive activity

(d) Emission of gases and arean.

Japan tried to extend her acquisitions and ambitions an China by presenting the Twenty-one Damands to the Chinese President, Yuan Shih-kai. The Twenty-one Demands were in essence an opportunist attempt by Japan to bring China under Japanese supervision and control. Those Demanda, is accepted would probably subjugate China into a Japanese solony. When the Sino-Japanese treaties (May 1915), which transferred Gerrian interests in Shantung to Japan and gave Japan new privileges in South Manchuria, were signed Biolent anti-Japanese sentiment was aroused in China. Ienceafter. China cane to the realization that Japan was aer greatest enemy. Indeed, the Japanese occupation of Shantung greatly embittered China. Sino-Japanese hostility remained unreconciled till the return of Shantung to China after the Washington Conferences:

日期星日五廿月四年一七九一公年十大國民華中

對跟

正英於生社,同

行癆項 沘服 *

特

港

項目極問

健志該推年學各關

濟、建設及慰勞性質之工作 為社會增

除經常性服務外,更不時舉辦各種救

The activities may not be happened at the same time. They may be 3 or may be one at a time. MAGMA

Composed of rock material and gas,

When magna comes out from the earth, the gasca run away and then the magna in called lava, If the lava being rnaled and change into rock, it is called lava-bed,

CAUSES OF VULCANISH

By the internal heat of the eat

The vulcanism is also responsed by different minerals. The] compositiora of rocks are all minerals. When. the rock chan ges from a complicated form into a simply form, the rock will give out beat, the beat which it gives out is greater. than heat It loses in the atmosphere. So, the earth bas a constant temperature. The heat loses in the atmosphere 'in the poles is greater than the heat created by the changes of the rocks at that place. But at equator, the heat loses in the atmosphere is less than the heat created when the rocks change their forms. Spontaneous disintegration of chemical elements, gives off heat and it is found inside the crust. Inside the crust there are concentrations of rádial-active matters. e.g. uranium. The radial-activities of uranium are very strong. So the radio heat produced by this rock mineral in periods of thouands of years accumularea and may be able to melt rocks. That is to say, radial- set ve changes chiar are going on inside the earth crust may Oroduce heat necessary for vulcaniam.

Linal Fold.

Timbs

Horizontal

"anticlist

·Sycline

Inacelinal Feli

Symmetrical Fald

(!!) strenger

Парре

thrust Plane

Thrust

Assymmetrical Fold

Recumbent fold

Synclinoviem

Fan Fild

In fact, Japan's behaviour in the War destroyed #hatever good opinions Chinese intellectuals had had on Japan. Before the 1911 Revolution, most Chinese re- volutionaries had good faith in Japan. They had admired the Japanese model of parliamentary government and they had even planned their revolta in Japan, However the First World War disillusioned the Chinese intellectuals. Thereafter admiration for Japan tumed to anti-Japanese boycotta. Thereafter Japan was looked upon as the worst imperialist enemy of China,

The First World War thus marked the tuzung point th Sino-Japanese relations. It wrote the first chapter

of the story of Sino-Japanese hostility in the present

century and such hostility has not yet died now.