1970-05-28 — Page 14

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英中會考歷史科答案

堅道英文書院撰答。

Buzzested Answers

M.K. Certificate of Education Examination (English)

-HISTORY

in the suCCESS

4ly arter 1867.

Outline : 1. Introquedat.

modernising herself

2. Factors which led to such a succs SE 3. Conclusión

The spectacular success of Japan's rapid modernisation after 1867 was not a myth: it could be explained. It laid in Japan's unique institution and culture. In fac there were many underlying factors already at work which" faciliated a quick and successful response and stimulated her to catch up with the modern westean world in all its complexities across the barriers of language and culture, to compete with it on aqual terms, and finally to defeat ons of the major world powers--Russia in a full-sos le modern war. The success was attained all in the space. of a single generation. An examination of these factors. will explain why such could be achieved

First of all, Japan was very adoptive to rarsign stimuli. She had never been ashamed of admitting her cm cultural deficiencies and had always been willing tẹ remedy then by drawing upon others what she lacked, arts and crafts, her religion (except Shinto), her administrative ideas, ibr. philosophical system and even her written language, ware gifts from China or had been modified or improved in the light of Chinese ideas. Thu the Japanese were aware that useful things could br learned from abroad and so found it easy to accept the idea of imitating or borrowing western ideas or practi which had value to Japan.

Aho gaographical isolation of Japan, together wit› its distinctive language and feudal society, had also mado Japan keenly aware that they were of separate identity. They had a strong feeling of national distinotâyaname 'which amounted to a sentiment of nationalism. Nationalistic attitudes appeared as early as the thirteen century and by the nineteenth century it was widespread. Despite the mutual hostility between the Japanese political units, no han or fief and few, if any Andividual. Japanese, sver thought of allying with the

metimes foreigners against the rest of Japan. Nationalist interest took precedence over han loyaltias or personal and family intarasts. The Japanese-there- tore reacted as a national unit to foreign challenge sasily adopting the techniques of national organisation. already developed by the West with patriotie mobilization.

Another extremely in ortant factor was the trait of obedience to authority which was highly developed in Japan. The feudal society of Japan was bound by vertica) ties of loyalty, Timse reached from Shogun to Dainyr to Sammai and even to peasants who felt obliged tr their superiors. This pyramidal structure of loyalties unabled the government leaders, once they had determine. to draw upon the West to strengthen Japan, to put thei program into preotios with full obedience and neoperatiu of the za DOS -

the great diversity of Japanese thought was also en essential factor. Despite the adoption of Neo- Confucianiem as the official philosophy of the Tokugawa Shogunate, Japan prodused a great variety of intellecuta. leaders, and sons quits original thinkers. This great diversity as well as the different attitudes towards the outside world helped to explain Japan's active interest in the wast and its soierice, In fact long before the firat treaties were ads, western ideas had already begu to enter Japan from Nagasaki and were being diffused through the Duten school of Learning or Rangaku. This tradition of "Dutch learning" not only contributed to ́Japan'a responsiveness to the west but also gave Japan head start with the western science and technological modernization that most Asian countries lacked

The Shogunate was a military government, as feuda. J military man they had a more realistic understanding of military technology. The Japanese did not have to be humiliated in a bitter defeat before they could recognize their own military inferiority. Since armament was the true test of superiority of equality among states, the sarlike Japanese were quick in arming themselves

NARA it is clear that Japan is a small country, so a knowledge of the modern world could be much more rapidly diffused throughout Japan. Although the country was divided into many autonomous fadual domains, the wünkin-kotai system required the various daimyos anc their followers to spend alternate years in Edo

Thu

Within

brought the leadership Into mich closer contact,

wook of Ferry's arrival, the whole country knew of this momentana event. Within four or five years, vigorou response's were, coming from many areas

Perhaps the greatest factor lay in the rate or internal evolutionary change. Fre-modern Japan at the start of the western impact was already moving towards – new political order. The structure of society and government in Uapan had already been seriously underminea, and therefors it crumbled rapidly under foreign pressure,

Japanese making room for a largely new structure. society was not only already in motion, it seemed to have been moving in the same general direction in which the Perhaps because Japan's western pressure impelled it. feudal experience had been similar to that of Europe, the nation was already evolving along a course not far different from the one turope had taken as it moved from faudalian towards- what history called "modern society?

郭日橋

四期星日八廿月五年〇七九一腿公年九十五圜民拳中 育教偶舖

英中會考歷史(二)試題

A class structure rather like that of feudal Europe wa breaking down in somewhat the same way as it had broker down in the west. The feudal economy was also crumblin much as it had been in Europe and this economy was giving place to preliminary forms of the capitalistic systen, The Japanese were also developing a much keen ea appreciation of the place of trade, both domestic and foreign, in the

he national economy

The operation of all these forces nad served to facilitate Japan's rapid and successful modernization. Japan's smaller size and greater accessibility, her sensative responsiveness to foreign stimuli, the feature of intellectual diversity; militarism and loyalty inherited from the feudal order, as well as the intense domestic and political struggle which feudalism provided, all made possible strong leadership that a nationalistio people were ready to accept and follow.

What made it possible for. Prussia to take the lead from Austria and finally succeeded in unifying Germany 1h 1871

Outline: 1. Introduction

The major factor : Political. and Military.

The minor factors: social and geographical

Conclusión

in the 19th century, trussia gradually emerged and took the lead from Austria in the German Empire and finally in 1871 succeeded in unifying Germany under her leadership. There were various factors that made Prussian leadership in the German national movement

The first factor was historical, The foundatior or the Prussian leadership was laid down at the beginning of the century during the Napoleonic Wars, Prussia had played a leading part in the defeat or Napoleon and this was favoured by the German triots

The Battle of Leipzig (1813) became a patriotic legem Austria, on the other hand, had silled with Napoleon and was dispised by the patriots. Further, as a result of the Napoleonic Wars, Prussia in 1825 obtained the Rhinish Provinces and assumed the national duty of zuarding Against Franca

The secom factor was political, Prussia had a auch better administrative organisation than Austria, She had undertook reforms from 1806 onwards and by the

iddle of the 19th Century she became a centralized cingdom with an efficient administration, Austria, on the other had, remined backward in her administration, it was corrupt and inefficient. Further, with the "Hettennich system" of repression, Austria beckmm a symbol of conservatism and reaction. It was commonly hated and despised in Germany. On the contrary, after 1848, Frussia had retained a constitutim and becam ti

entre of national aspiration.

Che third factor was economie, Prussia had irganized the Zollverein under her leadership which bad included all of the Germán states exoept Austria, This was an important foundation for German unity under, Prussian leadership. It gave Germany an unified saonomic structure and it gave Prussia an impetus for Industrial development, Prussian suprezkoy was established in an economic combination and this pÀYÒQ the way for leadership in a political unification, Austria, on the other hand, had been sæsluded from thi custom union, and there was little effort at the development of trade and industry. Thus, F21985 was able to take the lead from Austria in Germany,

Fourthly, Prussia nutma toħed Austria in military strenghtk. Prussia had a long tradition of militar rule.

The foundation of her axlern militan

organization had been laid down by the military reform which she undertook during the apoleonic War. This was continued and in the 1860s, King William I enforc the carrying out of army reform despite the opposition from Farliament. Under the leadership of the military genius-mõlke and Roon, Prussia became a modernized military state with a strong army, Austria, on the other hand, ramined backward in armament and warfare.

Thus, the foundation of Prussia leadership in military, economic and political spheres had been isi down. However Prussia was not yet able to challange Austria until the riss of Bismarck. By dipomcy and force, Bismarck succeeded to establish Prussian leadership in Germany. In 1863, Bismarck involved Austria in a dispute over Schleswig-Holstein, and in 1866 provoked Austria to war. As a result of Austria.. defeat Frussian took over completely the leadership. from Austria and unified the northern part of the sountry. By another war with France (1870) Bismarón succeeded to unify the southern part as well.

There were other minor factors that made truss usadership possible. Socially, Prussia was a modern state, feudalism had long been abolished. Austria, o the contrary, remained a medieval and feudal state Feudalism was only abolished in 1848. Tradition rulem strongly and everything remained backward, B representating progress Frumaia was naturally looksɑ apon as the leader of the country. The other factor was geographical. Prussia was in the northern plais of Germany which was guite barren and agriculture did not flourished, as a result, she was more industrialise Austris and the southern states were mainly highlands with many fertile valleys and agriculture prospered. By comparision the people in the north were generally poorer and this, together with more severe climte, made the people more vigorous and united (since the

plains were more opened to invaders). The southeas

people, on the contrary, wara less vigorous and more disunited. These factors also made it possible for, Prussia to take over the leadership from Austria.

Thus, to conclude, there were various factors time) made Prussia leadership possible in the unification of the country. To sum up, they were mainly political, economic and military, and to a lesser extent, social and geographical as well. Seen in this light, it became obvious that Prussia was the state destined play the leading role in the mtional unification.

HISTORY

PAPER D

Time allowed. Three hours

Attempt FIVE questions chosen from any TWO sections. Not more than FOUR questions may be taken from any one Section.

SECTION

China and Japan, 1793-1941, and Hong Kong, 1841-1941

A.1. Give an account of political, social and economic conditions in China

at the beginning of the nineteenth century

4.2 Write briefly about the following and discuss how they affected

Sino-Western relations between 1842 and 1860

(a) Treaty revision

fb

Missionary activities

(c) Suppression of pirates

fd.

Diplomatic representatio...

Explain the success of Japan in modernisins hèrsalf so ranidly afiar” 1867

The Sino-apanese war of 1894995 nad very tar-reaching con-1 sequences What were these far-reaching" consequences'-

What factors encouraged Russian expansion in the For Fast between 1858 and 1905 70live a brief account of tiús expansion

A. Write an account of Japan's relations with China between 19ʊʊ anik

1922

Write about the following events and discuss their consequences; with reference to Sino-Japanese relations.

(a) fb

Mukden incident, 193. Lukouchino Incident, 1937.

Give a short account of each of the following, stating their importance

in the history of Hong Kong"

(a) Sir Henry Pottinger (b) The Tung Wah Hospita (c) The Po Leung Kuk (d)Sir Frederick Lugate.

SECTION

B.1

Eurane, 1814-1939

How did the Great Powers attempt to maintain the Vienna Settler rom 1815 to 18257 Why did their attempts eventually fall? ---

B.Z What made it possible for Prussia to take the lead from Austria aft

finally succeed in unifying Germany in 18717-

B.3 Trace the rise of Napoleon fil. What did Napoleon fil do for thi

well-being of the French people?.

B4 Compare the Treaties of San Stephano and Berlin (1878) Why was

the Treaty of San Stephano unacceptable to Britain and Austria”.

How did France, Russia and Britain come to form the Triple Entente between 1894 and 19077 What was the importance of the Tripli Entente?

8.6 What problems faced the new Soviet governinent between 1917 and

1924" What messufes were taken to solve them?,

Write briefly about the following wh.. reference to internationa relations in the period 1919-1939:

jat Lossino Pact, 192

(b) The Economic Depression

fe

German Invasion of Poland, 1939.

** What contributions in scientifle developments and international cod

operation were made by the following:

(a) Henri Dunant

Louis Pasteur

Gottlieb Daimler

(d)

Guglielmo Marcou

(e) Alfred Nobel

{f}," Albert Einstein,

SECTION L

Great Britain 1814-1939

On what grounds was the system of paritartientary presentation before 1832 criticised?

b) How did the Reform Act of 1832 change the franchise and the

system of representation?

C.2 sccount for the rise of the Chartist Movement. To what extent were

the demands of the Chartists fulfilled by 19392

5. What part did the Earl of Shaftesbury play in social reforms?

C. What major reforms were carried out in Gladstone's Flist Ministry

1868-1874)??

What were the weaknesses of the educational system towards the end of the nineteenth century? What improvements were made be the Acts of 1902 and 1907?.

C.6 What were the chief social reforms made in the period 1906-1209′

What measures did the British Governmmt take to finance these reforms':

Discuss the importance in Irish history of each of the following

C.S. Parneli

b) Government of Ireland Act, 1920.

Describe the achievements o

(a) Joseph Lister

fb

William Booth

Sir Ronald Ros

(d) the Fabians

fe Mis, Emmeline Pankhurst".

SECTION D

Alexander Fleming

(宋連鎖集锦第三頁)

PHALE

0261 AVWAZ