1970-04-24 — Page 27

REFERENCE LIBRARY

育款係壺:頁三第張七第日九十月三年戌庚醫夏 WAH KIU TECHA薪日橋

五期星日四廿月四年〇七九一曆公年九十五國民華中

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The colonial rivalry in Africa poisoned the international atmosphere and increased the tension in the relations of the Great powers, The strain became so intensified that it reached a breaking / point in 1914. The scramble for Afrion also assisted the polarization of the European powers

中文中學

學會考試題預習專欄

物理科

(十五)

鄧炳思 ®

罗僑

1770英文中學會考試題預習專欄|

游左道英文書院主編

歷史科

HISTORY (25)

How did colonial rivalry in Arzi. sontzibute to the First World War?

Outlines: 1. Introduction

2. Colonial rivalry in Africar

1. British occupation of Egyptį: Franak

aogulation of Tunis.

Germany's attitude towaras ine Boer War

iii. The first and second Kopòcoan

crises; Tripoli.

3. Conclusión.

The

By the late nineteenth century the industrial revolution had permeated all corners of Europe. most successful industrialists in cask state started to buy up the less successful concerns thus creating monopolies in each particular sphere of business. Rivalry developed between monopolies in one country- and those la another. In consequence, the business- non demanded that their governments should gain mora colonies which would provide a souras of raw materiale and a market for manufactured goods. Moreover, the increase in population in Europa misa necessitated the acquisition of colonies which would provide hoses: and jobs for the surplus population: As a zesült colonial rivalries were bound to happen.

Britisk occupation of Egypt in 1881 left France Buon omhitterad. Later in 1896, Britain again forced France to recognize for special sphere in the Bile valley. The result of these aota was bad foeling": between the two countries. France and Britain were not raconilad until 1904.

conilad until

Italy had long fixed her cozatous eyes on Tunis which lies just opposite to the Italian Peninsula.. The Franch asquiation of Tunis in 1881 threw Italy into the arms of Germany and Austria. The Triple Alliance was formed in 1882, Thus it can be seen thet oolonial race helped the polarisation of Europaah. powers into two opposing campa

·Britain and Germany had been friends, Kaiser William II, who was envious of British supremacy, began to make troubles. In 1895, Jameson's raid on the Transvaal Republio was a failure. The Kainar sent a telegram to President Krugar of Tranevaal congrulating their succaam in repealing Ceoil Rhodes? mon. The Kaiser's telegram aroused Anglo-German- hostility. British hatred of Germɛny's support to tha Boers was ahead of the government and made a conflict between Britain and Germany inevitable. During thei Boer War of 1899-1902, the possibility of Germany. intervention which only the British naval supremacy had prevented was fully revealed.

1. Britain was aware of haz isolation from the two oaape. Sooner or later she had to take sides.

In the Algeciras Conference held in April, 1906, which ended she first Moroccan crisis,

Britain and France draw aloaar. After it, the two powers began. military talks. The Garman aggressiveness which waG. looming larger made the Anglo-French Entente of 1904 something more like what Franse hoped it to be. Russian hostility towards Austro-German Alliance, as fully revealed in the Conference, led to the Triple Entente in 1907. The Triple Entente became a reality after the Bosnian Crisis in which Austria, taking advantage of the situation created by the Young Turk Revolution, geolared the permanent annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. This resulted in making Russia become more dependent on her alliance with France and an understanding with Britain. Russia and Britain had been deadly feas in the colonial field; but Germany's aggressivo tone in her ultimatum to Russin threatening war drova Russia to the arms of France and Britain.

The Agadir Inoident of 1911 prodused profund affects. Tha foraceful seizure of a port on the Altantio Baabsurd by the German navy posed a direot challenge to Brition naval supramacy. This destroyed, any prospects of a anttlement of Anglo-German naval -Taca, The Haldne Mission in 1912 was therefore

destined to failwrol Emerging from the arisis, the Anglo-French Entente was even more closely knitted, and the naval talks between the two countries began in the year. Tha French naval forces were to patrol the Mediterranean while the British aquadrons were ta

protect the Atlantic coast of Franos. By this, the

Anglo-French Entente vas turned into a military allianós. The confrontation of the two crnod campe was nou fatully comploted in 1912

Hər, sacrat' Italy had long yearned for Tripoli. alliance with France in 1902 provided for her neutrality in a war between France and Germany in exchange for French agreement on har escupation of Tripoli. In this way the Triple Allianes was scuttled by Italy out of her colonial greediness. In the move into Tripoli Italy actually attacked an ally of Germany---Turkey. Therefore Germany now had only one dependable ally, Austria. The result was that Germany was later on easily drawn into war by Juntria. Moreover, the Italian invasion marked the collapas of the Turkish Empire in North Africa, which in turn abetted Russian ambition in Constantinople; thus rivalries between Russia and Austria became, even more" noute.

into two armed samps. It touched off the last stage of the crumbling of the Turkish Bapirs." It left dermany embittered; frustrated, and dawperate in the

sad when he took the rash act of giving the

irrevocable support to Austria's az£reanima mora against Serbia,

Which, the Hundred Deva Reform or the Bezer Uprising

do you think had given a greater impact or "China?"

Outline: 1. Introduction.

2. Arguments aupporting that the Bozer

movement had a greater impact.

3. Arguments fave ring that the Hunarea.

Daya Reform

Conclusion.

The Hundred Days Reform and the Boxer Uprising were two significant events which had similarily. produced profound influences on China after 1838. Their impact was felt not only in the later yesre.. of the Ching dynasty, but also in the present ago, It is essential to make a comparison between then so as to throw light on their reaprotive influenssa on China."

The Boxers swept all over Forthern China and 'caused the invasion of eight foreign petavs, there

fore it was an international event. The Hundred Days Reform affected only the court and Eunan, Do that It could not even to regarded as naticual but only regional.

The influengs of the Hundred Days was nbre indirect and less obvious than the Boxer movement since it was a mere paper zoform without much- accomplishment, The Boxer movement, however, bad the effant of revealing Chinata vaakness clearly, This led to a desire for reform an the vas hand and the desire for overthrowing the corrupted Ching. government on the other.

supported by the unïsen. This indicated a general awakening of the nation to the critical situation of their country, The Hundred Days Reform, on the other hand, was confined to a few intellectuals, and the Banu ves still unconscious of it, and gave no support but indifferenss to the reformers. Moreover, this general awakening resulted in the rabirth of Chinese nationalian, which was thus datei fròn the Boxer movement rather than from the Hundred Days..

The Boxers were encouragedie and

The coming of the warlord sra was singalised by the neutrality of the Southern viceroys during the Bozer movement. The signing of the South-eastern Kutual Protdatïen Protocol had not been ratified by the court. The practice of this disolesed that the authority of the sentral government was gone and could not diošats its wills on the provinces especially in the south.

The Boxer War caused many people, both Chiness and foreigners, to be killed, cities destroyed, properties loas; but the Hundred Days saused no suan severe national sufferings with the exception of the execution of the six Gentlemen, the imprisonment of Kuang Heu and the sxile of the reform leaders. This influence was, however, negative; yet from this wa dan ses how extensive damages were done by the Boxers to China.

After the Hundred Days Reform Yuan won the trust of the Bapress Dowager and began to build up the Newly Created Army, but Yuan could not become the strongest padeon in China until after the destruction

of other armies during the Boxer War. An & Tanult, Yuan's rise to power could be dated from the Boxer. movement rather than from the Hundred Days. Tuan's ascendency to power had far-reaching effects on both the fall of the Ching dynasty and the Chinese Republic.

It cannot be denied that the Boxar's impact was in general destructive, The Hundred Days, on the other hand, had produced more constructive influences on posterity. Moreover, its impact was more permanent than that of the Boxer. Its infiusnoas were felt in the Late Ching Reform and even after the abdication of the Ch'ing emperor. The proponents of the Hundred Days Reform were Kang Yu-wei and Liang Chi-chao. The influences of these two mon especially the later were unparalleled. Liang nas a magio grasp of minds of the youth in the early Twentieth century.

China learnt the way to modernisation from the far-sighted proposals of the Hundred Days rather than from the blind barbarious action of the Boxers who had nothing to boaat but force and der. The Late Ch'ing Reform which was initiated from; ábova", to save the crumbling throng, was based on the Reform movement of 1898. The effects of the Late Ch'ing Reform were by far the greatest as they led directy. to thạ full of the Manchua,

Finally, the Hundred Days Reform shoved a better way of saving China from partition whereas the Boxer movement indicated only the foolish and fruitless way of national salvation. Moreover, most of the Chinese, looked upon the Boxer movement as blind and reactionary.

In conclusion, it ia justified to state that the impact of the Boxer novament was negative." China had learned from it what things she should not have) done. On the other hand, the Hundred Days Reform had produced « osuparatively constructive effect on the Chinese..

L磁場及磁場強度問答計算題題解

1. 解設A, B谷为金属紙針,吶,

OB懑線長則A,8開三件力

(税込)

两纖針閹之認斥力

(48)

從图得知,AOAC CIAAFW

•FW =

2

式中三m当绹針質餐

AW

2×3×980 1849 1 2 AF

2 H E F G NH FAIR 磁控問工作用力,则

© F & F = X + SA,

20

(達四)

设为ń之垂直分力,

S

= 0.08576 10)

KFOSÆRA & S CZAN 24nd

1

20° =0.0225 (18) - 欲A点單位磁極所受之力為F,

F =√(0.0225 -0.00384)2 + (0.00576)*

0.02 (28)

分层單位磁極竹发之水平分力昌

F = 0.0225 -0.00384 = 0.019 ($)

3 $20 ] OA=08=0C=OD

11)

F = F, + F. = 0.7? (LO)

(35)2

≈ 0.44 (200)

=-0.33(造田)

F = F + F = 0.77

· F = √(+77) * (A

故。点∑磁場强度数 才向與 AB 或 CD边平行.

0.99 (Le)

M電源及電位填-

題

099 (EMA),

冠王開之作用力為6正因 若一帶電体价單之電荷為+32 e.s. u. 则易

電荷茶

2两小球各资吼

・電荷其閣下がる 推為 球AB相と5種吾權+10/15e.s.u電荷 则其简之作用力為 45A,

、相同之小球分别带扣及-4- 電荷相距5藕,則其間作用力為 若西蓉 相

單電

球與一同大

電荷煮

体半径为10转,带電10e...到球 又球内之電位为

̇糖之正方形ABCD四顶顺次置+10元

e.su電荷,则在正方形中点電位

# +10 12 +20 8.3.4. p* * # 25 30 #, *}

該点之宅位3

点工作用力為

* 22 * 10 3 113231 || 2 電位差為50伏特则更所区

10. A, B 4 4 8 12 4 3 42,44 043

IG #Iw