1970-04-06 — Page 23

育教僑華 頁三第張六第日一初月三年戌庚夏 WAH KIU YAT PO

170英文中學會考試題預習專欄

堅道英文書院主編

地理科

GEOGRAPHY (22)

(廿二、

A)(1) Why is irrigation necessary in India and

Pakistan?

Irrigation is necessary in the Indian Sub. continent owing to the following reasons 1-

Firstly, rainfall in these countries is not evenly distributed and there are about eight dry monthe annually. It is therefore. desirable to store water in the rainy season that water used for irrigating eropa ia obtainable when a dry period arrives.

Secondly, the low rainfall in some parts is inadequate for growing two crops a year. The Diaoan Region has 20 to 40 inches of rainfall per annum while the Indus Valley has Less than 20 inches. To bring these areas under cultivation in the dry season, irrigation is practised, i

Thirdly, the high variability of rainfall implies that there are possibilities-for. Partial or complete crop failures. To avoid these risks, farners endeavour to irrigate their fields.

Lastly, the alluvial soil on the Indo-' Gangejie Plain is porous and does not retain water for a long time. If irrigation is not practised, the soil, will become dry, and thus less fertile.

(ii) What are the methods of irrigation used in

these countries?

The methods of irrigation usad are:

1. CANAL IRRIGATION

(a) Perennial Canal-t➡ this method, providing irrigation water all the year round, is the most important, and elaborate one. A concrete dam in built across a river so as to store auzplus water during flood-time for periods of drought. Thus annually water

can be draw from this artificial Inke and then distributed by numerous canals to the farms. The most important works are the Sukkar Dam on the Lower Indus and the Sutle Scheme on the Upper Indus..

(b) Inundation Canalı- this is the alder method irrigation. Canals are out from the river so that flood water will overflow to these channels which carry it to the fields. The disadvantages of this method are that the canals cannot hold all the flood water and that when water is most needed during the dry season they dry up. In the past they have been important especially. in the Sind:

area and the Upper Ganges Valley but they have been replaced by perennial canals.

中文中學會考試題預習專欄

中文科 (廿三)

丁、集部(文學之部)

黄振釗

(子)散文་

「(4)雜記類

(一)始得西山宴遊記!

(柳宗元)

本文作者於宗永自元年,坐笈王叔文· 州润密,不久文篇永州司馬 開居無事,放情山水,潞記為罰堂。永州山水器記(柳宗元在永州共寫了九篇. 娄記*綠名爲永州雜記。追光感遊記的名帶:淚否溪記,二始得西裳游記, 自鋯,該記,包鈷,西小丘記,並至小丘两小石認記,因安裝記16若裝記, 1石湖能,因小石城山記。始得西山勝記就是永州記中的一篇。就是在深 個時候所作的。從這些游記,可以來出作者的胸带、捨員、以及齙飲實酒之

▶柳宗元的文風格如何,有何取奖作!

報日僑華

.... TANK IRRIGATION

In Hyderabad, Mysore and Kadras provinces in India, there are temporary ponds of various sizes made by building mud walls soroSE small stream valleys so that water is stored. during the wet season. The disadvantages of this method are: (1) the tanks dry up in the hot season, (II) in dry years they may never be filled, and (III) they may become ailted up after a prolong period of use. WELL IRRIGATION

Underground water is available mainly in regiona lying at the foot of mountains and plateaux. Wells may be sunk into the aaturated rocks below the water-table. The supply of water from such wells is usually perennial but the construction of walls involven much labour and is expensive. This method is practised in the upper Gangea Valley, Punjab, Bombay and Madras.

Inother method to tap underground water is by digging long underground tunnels called KAREZ which lead to the ground water at the foot of hills and bring: the water out onto the alluvial plai nee This is practised in Baluchistan.

IRRIGATION IN INDIA

CANALS

"TANKS

WEL

(iii) Briefly describe how irrigation has improved?

the agriculture in the Indus Basin.

The Indus Basin is a hot and dry region, both) in the Punjab and the Sind, temperature in summer is very high, over 90°F while the annual amount of rainfall in the Punjab is less than 20 inches and in the Sind, it is Jess than 10 inches. Thus climatic conditions: are very unfavourable for agriculture before the introduction of irrigation particularly in the Sind which, without irrigation, would) have remained a piece of waste land.

(1)我的下之势,然,然,若榨老穴,尺寸中型,掛號累,莫得遜性。 (2) 悠悠乎巴制供,而政德。......

(3)洋小造物者,而不知所發。

(4) DEBELLAA

(二)放鶴亭記

(蘇軾)

主旨——作者其友委副山人張天银作事放獎,而寫了這篇文章。制之鍵,正象敏關士 的喬灣,作者譭元傅一英一路設論,說明問居之,雖南面之未可與易的 大消理

C-》碟與坡的文風格如何!有個重要著作!

宋代古文宋大家,除了際性外,當推码栻了,他凭說:「作文如有国流水,那無定質,但 當行於所當行,此於所不可止,請帶笑怒门之等,皆同而有之。」所以他約散文豪放弃逸 運而有光芒,加高壓洗痰,不理地皆可出。後入以「韓潮源」並選,所以蘇氏之文儼 重於陽之求。燕氏體調實亦供有名,李有易憶,也簿,論語說,真波集,京城樂府,東 我志林•化剂等

古文名转出有赤味,泥時間,現出你之類,雨亭記,在波山記•州韓文藝刷 ?方山子你,我國任活。都收入城站可。

(二)蘇子如何借魋來敬明梁居之

第一,引用易網易曰鳴笛在您,並于和部く時日,鶴鳴于九皋,秦期於天)的

•以爛嗻喩好人、君子、陪低之士。因係數之爲物,清遠開放,有超然于服之 ∵外。雖然隱居於山谷之中,亦有對弱電茶,因你每仰,知而愈之者的。............ 第二,做田南面之智,好們則亡國,而山林遜世之士,她蹤番都不會爲書的道。文中, 「微想必遊園。公作酒能衛武公作抑成,以包荒密敗亂無若酒者: 耶劉怡、阮籍之徒,以此全其質而名後世。」因為一國元首,如果沈迷于酒之間, ̇會玩物疫源,催國學於不解,饶界既國的軍大開。而山林群世之士,只是獨莓共 不物茶,與悲無帶,從無沈醉然你漆調,所以不但不需酒師者,反而以 ̇此全非配名後世。還是老、壯的思想,所以茲東波關僱居之樂,「雖南面之泪,

來可與易」正是這個道理。

鼻處、柳宗元都是唐代的古文逛齡大家,惟需帶外。不過兩人請文證見,却不盡同。现 立論過于倻軍道,柳氏則聯駕電或。两人虽然都是主張「女以敬道」,但都密所讀的謎 雷樂的蕸;是人龠㵑德的頭,是先空先警所治平天下之海。柳宗無論道的必想了 较料發爲鷹。他說:「文者以明道本之湖以求其質,本之詩以求其個,本之德以共 我,本之春秋以求其斷,本之易以京北助,此吾所以取道之原也。參之就榮以國其氣,發之「考生自習: 孟衛以想其安,滲之莎老以其端,因之國證以再興趣,參之雜以後其期,恭之太史以客

共识,此吾所以旁推交通而以之無文也。」利氏認為斯、踄、禮、易、农秋•毅梁孟子 ̇荀子•莊子、老子、國器•隨炎、史記罅苫都蘊含將「道」的,也就恳作文應有之道。維的 見解,就是一面反對華應全部的空文,一副是要在古籍中去求作文的道理。所以都宗元的文 常在文學的觀點中,實較源氏更然純淨了,是一個冰柞的文學家。文帝屬除柔派。明,王藝 糖「唔讚子集,尤愛山永,而在永若為多,子之女,至永签工,其得山水之助部 *?」澹、方苞音永州路記得「于辱,以身開飯,又得山水以商其琦神,故質皆稱心之 探灣奇而出之,若不經意。李氏清雅淡之交、寫酵記文章者所宗。带有泂東热

,古文名者者,計有能龉排,郭文驼態,捆者說,答中立蘭翩道售等,都收入梆海裏,

《二》永州西山頭蝨有何幽之處:本文付處點出「始」字!「实」字里「游」学

永州西山佩您勝之處:「其高下之药,然,然,若理若穴,尺寸千里,推遼闊,莫得 選。榮笛>白外與天際,四望如一。然後知是山之時止,不與培端爲類,悠悠了與鄧

“你,而英得其強;洋洋乎與造物者,而不夠所箱。]

艾中點出「始」字老有:

3:「以為凡是州之山有異者,皆我有化,而未婚西山之怪時]

2「今年九月二十八日,因坐法華西事,岂巡山,始指死之」

3「然後知浩間之未趋游,游於是乎始」

點出「实』宇者:引矮滿的,類然搶,不日之人」

點伏「卷」啦:「心機影響,與國化买合,然後知管德之未始游,游於是呼始。」

(三)柳宗元山水游品篇何至面签式?绳卡文中指出作者的胸襟,抱貨,以及抑都之處。

·柳宗元山水配剥而工,其原因大批有點:

第一,就怨了能發而後工」「文章所說」的對理。所域源激的柳于萨路志%說:「子厚床不

久,夠不碰,購有出於人,其文學都意,必不能自力以致必得於後如今。」仕宦連接, 交深傳世,自古然......

第二、得永州以其精神,也就是說,L冰粉館碧來了靈感。明·王黎證「于厚之 安、永錼工,其得山水之助邪?』沿•力苞缽永記說「字斷諸己,以身加境, 艾得山水以其礁」。由于永州山水秀珊,所以韓旅的柳子露出證:「開茶 自刻苦,秘記閱報筒浆、汎溫控器,無榮神,自建於山水間』因此文经來 健康了。

̇出作者由于仕途,踨,所以山水以排除心中的抑帶。

̇叉麟:「然碳知是之時出,不同塔填儒耀:悠悠乎成供,可與得其源,群都乎與造物·

客源,而不知其所。」國山的時出,西由的氣派,能是作者胸標,作者描質的胡 (四)作者在本刘新法現的思想是怎

(1)成,於戍田,或翔於李姿,英則,東山面前

(2)(難之)母物,滿港開放,超然於匪垢之外。

·(3) F

(4) 侧流于九桌,配關於天。

(三)眞州東園記

(歐陽修)

「主旨本文方紀夙川東興起的由來。當時施正臣、許子在、馬仲第三人服官該地。

人编其相得之,其假日,得之盛年驗營,達成業嶼。遠成後,繪成一圈 中静子疗挑到京師,帶歌公繻之作記。歐應他們之請,為了這文章。點公 全道筒文鄀有適屉用意:第一,從東開的興建,追想往日完的情景,盛鐡照

第二、興建网的目的就是與民同樂。

一不交的作法,用句,各有何特色,請指出它。

本文是一篇描建交,精逃交資本來應該親思親見的,然而東寶的景致,職公並术親皂,只 ,根據圖定及人的話以為記簿,因此本文作者不僬正面描客需手,却從范曾以及譏合處 下簿,還是記文別開生面的一種作法。又本交形式是散文,但有很多地方用偶匀或排亢

例 :

「素,否望以要之無著個以澄證之閣;水,可以體驗之海。』

「英森裁荷之橢麻,幽蘭白芒之芬芳。」

「芙蓉没荷之滴縣此的日之都恨白霧預約辣供高然豆。

松 糕蘋時令節......此前日之晦異風雨,與鳥獸之邮者也, 「升於尚,以望江山之遠近,嬉於水?以逐傳為之有沈。」 ↑海自盡 街?直樹醬並以茂...

C二少阰陽公如何推繪為洲東固的是致有何槪璡

作者自的交章「加之形以期。永者所能染式無差侯」,就是得力於 考 老、莊之裝的。「洋洋乎與造物者遊,而不知其折夠。」「心形,與萬化就合。這種 心塊準明,物我两忙的流,不就是老子所謂反模即膩,限自然,莊子的「天能與我求生: “萬物與我爲一』的痹物思想嗎:

考生自習:

解你精:

2挡镜中間的致:广個之赓百畝,而流水閩北龍,沿進漫其右,黎起其北。赛,醫帶以擲 母之亭池,舌術以漲之府,水否泛以概能之舟。啟其中以為清無之愛,關其後以爲射 旗之道。更表沒荷之務艇,經與白在之芬,與生在美术,而..................有雙巨有 ?水光日影, 亦下上,北角架齡,可以答浓響而生清風...............嘉時令節,州人士女

欧限公的牆嘆,楚有感於今昔向魔之在而發。供商今日的優美景致,在從前,只疪個『消 白冷而规棘」「獻獎」「限美風證,隨之陛音小的北方而已。 生自習:

解譯詞語:"

(1) 非物質,黎堂之婆,老爸自提

(四)項脊軒志

(歸有光)

̇紙 -本文是描述項脊軒特的械部情况,並謬距較中感到可可然不選,並可用聖塞部沿

-期日六月四年〇七九一年九十五國民華中

The arable lands of the Punjab, except

in the north where there is adequate rainfall, are irrigated by perennial canals. Still there are large areas of waste land partly due to the moarcity of irrigation of irrigation wateri As many large projects have been carried out to improve irrigation, more land is brought under cultivation e.g. the 420 miles Hajasthan Canal in the northwestern part of they ha Republic of India. Including the 5 million of acres of land which are irrigated by the Sutlej project, all together, the area of irrigated land has been expanded to more than] 20 million acres, the largest stretok of irrigated land in the world. Here, wheat is the ohief winter crop and millet the summer

orop. Others include maize, barley, cotton,

In Sind, the completion of the 1 mile Sukkur Dan has brought 5 million acres of land under irrigation. The Koiri Barrage, also built on the Indus, adds a further 22 million acres of land under cultivation, Rice, millet,

wheat and cotton are the chief crops of this region.

Part of the irrigated land, unfortunately auffers from being waterlogged and when the water evaporatos, a layer of salt is left behind on the soil surface so that nothing can grow. This has become a serious problem in Heat Pakistan and 12 million acres of land have already been 哭uined"

B) Explain briefly why progress in industrial development is generally slow in India. Industrial development is generally slow in India because 1-

Poonomic activities are largely agricultural as the increase of agricultural production ham been barely aufficient to keep pace with the rapid population growth.

(b) Vast majority remain poor, underfed,}

uneducated and many unemployed.

(o) It needs more capital and technological change so that cheap Labour can be trained to hecome y @kilful.

Concentration of coal in the north-east has * ona disadvantage-industrial towns in the west have to import coal from South Africa.

(e) The manufactured products have to overcome the

completition of goods from United Kingdom andy: other countries with a long tradition än factory work. A

QUESTIONS POR NEXT WEEK ; —

Outline the industrial development of Hombay,】 Janahepur, and Calcutta. *

Rice, wheat, and millet are the important crops grown in the sub-continent of India, Show how thef distribution of these orope is related to climatio conditions.

踏货孔明二人以前况,說出一己的抱負。最後以其要之死及她寻植枇杷树作甜 。人亡物在,用蛮快琬。

➔略述明代文章的概况。

有明一代文章,大抵都是趨向于很古居多,所以交牌遠遜於周末,我略述如下:

CI)明初古兰大家——明初有名的散文作者,當推宋液,劉星,方孝期三人。宋濂的交

章各部門,她与文家則排真有物,方拳国的文寜到福結豪快。 (2)寰閣 一明初,楊士街,楊榮,機油三人所值的文體,雍容典验,而少精博沈數之

(3)前七子 勢陷,何景明,微植物,退貨,康洗、王九思,王莲相等七人,矯開 ∴體之時,起而提供古,主張「文必秦漠」。然而交流於陳無生氣之幣。 (4) 周三大家———次宗案渶的復古派,到了槳初年,王悯中,忠順之,卻有光等人起 來反對,反對復古派的票之抄襲,主强行交必須自然,主張為文後與朱八家入手。其 中以所有光没有成就,爲有明一代交峰之冠。”

(($)密巳子和思踮三大家約同時,又有李願、王批琪、謝、宗臣,菜有霖、徐场| 行,奧國倫等人又起來主張文必秦漢之說。於屉「秦漠」「柴」两派古女互相

抗

()公安证與您陇減——一條明小品文盛行,公安派的對宗道,其弟法起,中道,公安人。 時文都以證新證能筒主。竟浙派蕊知衛,幫元辦,寬陵人。時文都城幽深铽爲主。 (三)時蝶儿的文字有何特色,在古來上的地強如用有同重選著作!

擁有光质药的古文,原本辨術,好太史公書,深得其理,冰魚,不事飾,以郵 您文章,往往於平淡的敘述,裝露出無限感情。方推特他說,「氣韻得之司馬子授 ,故能取法歐會,而少與其能說耳。3娥預路永康代古文家,以有光直接八家之後,周元、 朗代一人,批評仙的交流說,「於不要緊之處,說不要緊之错,卻自清淡,於太史公有 21.

我有三吳永利珠,川集。著名的文章對有先妣事略,項脊軒志,李羅村行狀,忠于亭記, 追進亭記。

(三)作者在本交所描您可喜的事念向“可悲的事爲何“藏指出震。

可您的事:

(1)作者說:「余稍照假姦............前關四銜,環安周庭,以當日3日形皮照,鐘始

·鐧然。又雜藰桂竹木於庭,當時欄楯,亦遼勝。借我滿架,但仰歌,其然元坐

,茂哨有盤;而庭站寂寂;小移時來啄食,人不去。三五之夜,明月牛油 桂彰斑

(2) THAN - J

(3)「苷送來歸?時軒中,從桑問古事,或憑孔學習。」溫恩描寫家庭夫熔和諧的生活

可悲的事:

(1)「先是庭中隨南北為一。造諸父異響,內外多小門協,往往而是。東大西吠,客验 庖而安,雜拖於深,變中始為度,巴食路,凡再變矣。」祖父去世,誥父異舜,家庭 人事極大,還是可能的。

(2) 懷念

——借老媽口述他的母親會到师中,老樞說:「師,而知立於經。」又 哉:「汝姊在唔體,呱呱而泣。機以指叩門白:「兒然乎?欲食乎?署從板外相 瑞强答。」母親的慈愛,在網膩的脚下獲得妮媚動人

€3) 懷念祖——「余自東鬆讀出街,一日大時過氽3日:『居見,久不見若影,

买自默在此,大爛女郎。』比去,以手關門,自然曰「客家讀書久不效,見之 成即可待平?』因之,持一笏,曰:「此吾祖太幣公,宜機轨此以朝,他日次 「每用之?』顧遺跡,如在昨日,入提不自莊。」寫出對部見期望的股可。 (4)懷念仁顶一「庭有批杷糊,吾瑟死之年所乎也。今日中如證矣。上物在人亡,

觀物思人,令人懷然跟酸,文化品刻細膩 《四》弑况不文中指出作者「懷才不遇』的地方。

(1)作者少阵在就跟話,他的祖母對他然很爲設可,他們會說:「吉家赧書久不放 3.見之成則可得乎?」後來艾尔了一塊象笏對作者說:「此若凪太常公宣德間裁此以 目飲日汝當用之。」作者譫顧遺跡,持號不自禁。正期出作者科場失帶,仕途,孽

,有錢:顧母的期望。

02) 交中,作者有一段跟論說,「卖带守丹穴,利甲天下,其從秦皇帝秦女孃消灘,额

德與曹操学天下,諸猋孔明起中;方二人之味味於一個也,世何足以知之Î余區區, 處敗堂中,於機瞬目,體有夼景。人知之湾,其確與陷拤之蛙何粪?』借巴蜀寡婦 澄和諧貨孔明二人以自喻,自己雖然暫時區區處敗壓中,但利鑑處在市漢中,終有晚

考生自習:

解釋電話:

(1)三五之夜,明月临,桂影斑駁,移影堡,珊珊獎 (2)中大四,客銀應而變,雖撠於感。

(3) 顧澐跡,如在昨日,令人不自禁。

答第一題,第十行,屈抽作「聲」。

(2)第二題,第三行,「但」是。腆個你「儲』...

(3) 卻期,第一期。第七行,非「特』谢菇七大夫。誤誼个弄!

(4) 復發糖非獎,桐城台大家劃」誤据作「機』

1(5) 第二期,第五行,「加」交。證能

(第四,第十七行,「捲」期。誤放「楊」。