育教僑華頁三第張六第日三十月二年戌庚曆夏
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CO英文中學會考試題預習專欄
经道英文書院主編
歷史科
HISTORY (20)
(P)
Give a eritical account of the causen Tuading to the First World
Outlinssi-
(1) Introduction – negotiation zalie0 TO PERDIVE.
the origin of 1914):
(2) Focnemic jealousies and seleniál rivalries
⠀were not the primary causes of the war. (3) The denial of the right of self-determination
to the minorities in. Euroso was the primary
DAWNS.
(4) This necessitateds i) military strength to
preserve the status quo ii) the system of alliances. (5) Conclusion — nature of the alliance system
ohanged thus drawing the skele of Europe into
The first World War broke out in midsummer 1914- By that time, most people thought that this criais would be resolved quickly by another compromise which had been a common practice of the European
powers to settle their disputes formerly. But this · crisis could not be resolved, as when on 23 July Austria-Hungary in a formidable note acobead its small neighbour Serbia of responsibility for the death of the Archduke and nađe demands that seened to predios military action, it was instantly recognized that here was no ordinary prisis which might be overcome by negotiation, but that the whole Europe was involvadi
Economic jealousies and colonial rivalries were commonly believed as the causes of the First World War. Cited in proof were the trade competition betweer Germany and Britain; the conflicting colonial ambition of European powers, and the intrigues of high finances. for concessions in Asia, Africa and the Near East concessions for loans, railways, canals and other enterprises. It was true that economic rivalries andoubtedly hat much to do with poisoning international elation after 1871: On the colonial side, there were harp conflicts between Britain and Russia, between France and Italy in Tunisia, between France and Jermany in Morocco, between France and Britain in Sgypt and Sian, between Britain and Germany in South
frio.
Tet economic interests had little to do with the outbreak of war in August 1914. The most conspicuous trade rivalry of the pre-war years, the competition between Britain and Germany, was ceasing to be a causa of tanales, because the two countries were, developing their markete in different parts of the world. Britain in her colonies whereas Germany in Europe. the colonial side, the Great powers succeeded in partitioning Africa without recourse to war. The real picture was that the Britain fought the Boers in
South Afrion and Britain, France Germany and Italy fought native peoples in Africa, but they did not fight each other. Also at this time, the western powers arrived at a compromise respecting the Bagdad Failway and had divided the Ottoman Empire in Asia with sphere of influence for the purpose of avoiding war over the Ottoman question. Thus these two factors. were not the primary causes of war, though they helped to straim the international relation,
The primary cause of war was the conflict. between political frontiere and the distribution of peoples, the denial of self-determination. Germany held the French Alsace-Lorraine, Austria-Hungary contained elevan different racial groups, nine of which were kept in greater or less submission by ruling clique of the other two Germans and Kagers. In the Balkins, racial and political
Irontiers rarely coincided. The western portion or the Russian Empire was made up of non-Russian regions represented today by Finland, the Baltic States, and Poland. And Poland was the most notorious example o the denial of self-rule. The Tugoslave in both Austria and Hungary, denied relief by their Hapsburg Tulora, turned for help to Serbia, and the Romaniano of Transylvania, in South-eastern Hungary," gazed. longingly across the Carpathians at independent Romania. The Poles too. dreamed of reunion.
nase atruggles to unite their own people into one country produced conflicts everywhere in Europe. In order to keep these minorities in subservience, the Great Powers especially Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary had to strengthen their armies. Once started, other countries followed. And there was no Cessation to this armament race. Thus by 1914 every European country possessed a large army which no government was able to disband it.
Building an army was not enougn in case or war so European governments sought to strengthen their respiactive positions by concluding alliances with other governments having similar interests. These alliances marked a turning-point in the history of Europe. The Triple Alliance was confronted by the Triple Entente. Europe was divided into two afmed and opposing camps. The action of one country involved not only one but three countries. Collective responsibility made negotiation much more difficult.
AH KALMAR 1971 $
The nature of the alliance system at 11rst was aerensive, but as time went by, it changed into an formidable instrument of aggression. As a result, war was inevitable when, as in the case of Serbia, Austria-Hungary demanded considerable concessione or Serbia, thus provoking Russia which would do anything to protect the Slav Serbia from any aggressive
attempt by Germah countries, to declare war on Austria-Hungary. By the terms of the alliance Germany was bound to support Austria-Hungary, and Britain and France was bound to support Russia. The two opposing camps olashed and thus came the First World War.
2. Why did Japan modernize more rapidly and ·
successfully then China in the later half of the nineteenth century?
Outline:-
(1) Introduction both experienced the same western pressure; but Japan had received Less violent impact.
(2) Showing the underlying and fundamental causes
for Japan's quick response to foreien stimuli.
(3) Conclusion - the success of Japan had its
root in her history.
By the first half of the nineteenth century, the increase of European activities in China was paralleled by a sharp increase in western pressure on Japan. Soon Japan was also forced to open their country to commercial and diplomatic relations and much the same unequal treaties as had been imposed. on China. Both China and Japan had therefore been" hindered by unequal treaties that impaired their sovereignity and threatened their economic independence. But as compared with the Chinese experience, the . initial impact of the west on Japan was gentle. No ware were fought, no smuggling trade was developed, no territory was ceded. Commercial treaties were negotiated peacefully around a table. As yet Japan's Tasponse was far quicker and greater than that of China. Within two decades, the Shogunate had been replaced by a regime of a radically different kind, Within another three decades, Japan was to win two wars the Sino-Japanese war of 1894 and the Russo- Japanese war öf 1904.
Japan'a auccess bad its roots in her past history and national characteristics. First of all, Japan Was more adoptive to foreign stimuli than China; Japan had never been ashamed of admitting her own. cultural defficiencies and had always been willing to remedy them by drawing upon others for what she lacked, China, on the other band, was contemptuous of thines abroad, and therefore much slower to learn.
National consciousness was another reason for Japan'a zapid modernisation. Different from the Chinese, the Japanese wera nationalistic, Nationalist interest took precedence over then loyalties or personal and family interests. The individual depended
so completely upon his family that he hardly acted as a citizen loyal to the state. Moreover, the Japanese were more obedient to authority than the Chinese. I this case, the Chinese were further. handicapped by the fact that the ruling house was the
alien Manchus, As a result, they were reluctant to
take the orders of the government,
During the later period of the Tokugawa anogunate, Japan produced a great variety of
intellectual leaders and some quite original thinkers. This greater variety of thought as well as the
different attitudes towards the outside world, helps. to explain Japan's active interest in the weat, and ite science, Chinese thought, on the other hand, was náde etatlo by the long traditional Confucian thought shioh was against any change or progress.
As foudel military mon
men, the Japanese had a mora realistic understanding of military technology than did the scholar-official leadership of China. The military government was more quicker to appreicate the power of wastern technology than the civilian government of China.
Japan's size 18 small in extent, whereas, comparision, China is vaat in territory. Given the same backward means of communications, it is clear that a knowledge of the modern world could be much more rapidly diffused throughout Japan than would be possible in China. In Japan, the foreign experts and scholars were replaced as quickly as possible by oither Japanese studenta and assistants or by. Japanese returned from study abroad. In China, this employment of foreigners were not used as an opportunity to learn from them.
Parlaps the greatest differance between China and Japan lay in the rate of internal eveolutionary change. Pre-modern Japan at the start of the western. impact was already moving towards a new political order. The structure of society and government in Japan had already been seriously undermined and
therefore it crumbled zapidly under foreign pressure, making for a largely new structure. But in China the Chinese social, political and ideological systems had achieved under the Ching dynasty a stability unparalled at any time in Japan, The Chinese were standing motionless, and, for example, trade was leam developed in China than in Japan, and the Japanese economy was more vigorous than that of China.
Japan's smaller size and greater accessibility, her densitive responsiveness to foreign stimuli, the feature of intellectual diversity, militarism and ma loyalty inherited from the feudal order, as well as the intense domestic and political struggle which
feudalism provided, all made possible strong leadership that a nationalistic people wdre ready to accept and follow the western example.
五期星 日廿月三年〇七九一醫公年九十五國民華中
會考試題預習專欄
物理科
(=F)
̇鄧炳恩·
J LAVADE KNEDLAM
小紙导两边热度之比揭1611
MR E, E. D 81 & ÆLLES LIKE
!} €, = ///^ = 1 (K-*0)
E = 9/025 = 1/16(17=-45)
2紘导经放於螬右2呎或燭左6呎之类 解設灯置於右赐置於左,工当樨泮燭與乳辱問
之距離 (6)歺灯與紙間之距熊
3.两者價錢之比為電價為煤氣價之不借 解费M,分别为每赐光每小時
A
M1 =
M1 = 0 2 x = x _
景玻璃阻宏光之百分率為11.42%
解设工面玻璃阻去之光之百分率鲁為電灯之
无友则冰
(85)
X = 0·1142 =1142%
SHARDAM BLFTAZUBENEF
才反比走律
根照红
巨度之大小與其和无搏之入射相 三餘弦成正比此刻係称当朗借鑄造足律
(Lambert's law of Cosine).
GQ点之照度為 26 流明/
解由朗伯餘弦定律程
120x5
で最謹直上之平西税須高35時 解說风挡最短直立芹面镜之西
λ = £ (5×12 +10)=35 (19)
8. 1 A 2 10 6 5 0.
解及九所成之像之数目
360 -1=5
9此凹面镜之焦距為9吋
解菲 心 订J分别为四面统之物距像距和焦距
中公式+七
-+-+-+-+=9 (D
(a) ff x = b*£*= ££ 解由題意得儿=+
±-÷++ ✰ v=-±
(b)實物與凸面镜三距離为(H-1)时
----~ * ~= (1-1)} 丁光度學與-
之反射問答計算題
1. LL Z B 2000 * 4 IHL LAI IT,SEYSE 土方离0呎之處且两灯相距100呎求街道
点之照灰若
鈷直下
灯耿緣中点之錨直下力
某人手持一長為2吋之平面鏡置於距镸眼 镜正海峡一大樹之全像著樹與 镜之距離为300呎则樹高为着千呎。
A黎有一駕駛用凸球面反射镜其焦 距为名灯,今有另一汽車B在A汽車之後
为7呎高为5呎城汁堂 位置
B車之像
千有一凹面镜将一章頭灯絲之像做於距鏡 千米處之屏上旗灯絲之高為5毫米像高為 40厘米,同
2比镜之曲单半经当若干?
(b)此灯絲並置於饶前若牛症之處
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