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歷史科

(十九)

HISTORY (19)

Account for the ill-feeling which had developed between Russia and Austria 1870-1914..

17. 182835- 75

中學入學試試題預習專欄

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Outlines

1. Introduction. Bismarck a effort in joining Russia and Austria together. It failed.

2. Treaty of Berlin introduced Austria into the

Balkans. Rivalry caused in establishing

ascendancy over Bulgaria..

3. Annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria

4. Immediate cause to the 1st World War.

5. Ressons for the ill-feeling

a. Failure of the Congress of Berlin and the:

Treaty

b. Weakness of the Turkish Empire and the..

ambition of Central Powers.

c. German support to Austria, 6. Conclusion.

Russia and Austria were two traditional enemies. But in 1872, Bismarck made them join with the Kaiser of Germany in the Freikaiser bund or League of Thres Emperors, However, the League was not destined to.

last long. In order to retain the Bund, Bismarck had to try his best by renewing the treaties so as to link these two unfriendly allies together,

But it was completely disrupted by the conflict

between Russia and Austria at the Congress of Berlin. By the resulting Treaty of Berlin, Russia attempted to destroy the Turkish Empire and to establish her own domination there. However, this intention was frustrated and hampered by the opposition of England and Austriz especially the latter.

The Treaty of Berlin introduced Austria into the Balkans and it was thie Near East conflict, between. Russia and Austria, which finally led to the let World War. As the Balkans and the Russians belonged to the same Slav race, Russia intended to establish a completa ascendancy over the new state namely Bulgaria. The Tuler chosen was Prince Alexander of Battenberg, the Czar's nephew. But the Bulgarians resented and wanted union with Turkey, Russia was not pleased at their growing independence from her but she could do nothing. Alexander was forced to abdicate and the Bulgariane turned to Austria and Germany for protection. This meant a

a great humiliation on the Russians but since she was nos strong enough. to compete with the two Allies, she had to give in, So the rivalry between the two Powers became more intense as they competed fiercely to establish their -ascendancy over Búlgaria.

In 1908, Austria announced her annexation of) Bosnia and Herzegovina. It created a very tense situation, Russia vigorously denounced the breach or the Berlin Treaty, Unfortunately Austria was strongly supported by Germany, and Russia, after the defeat in -the Russo-Japanese War, was in no condition to

challenge her.

war

Thus the conflict between Russia and Austria in! the Near East gradually developed and accumulated. By the beginning of the 20th century, the antagonism had been brought to a breaking point it would not stand another strain. But the last moment came when Austria made an excuse of the massacre of her heir. Francia Ferdinand, and declared war on Serbia on June 28, 1914. Russia Boon mobilized and Germany also declared war on her. The world had thus begun.. To account for this ill-feeling between Russia and Austria during the period 1870-1914, we should say that the Treaty of Berlin had done a great deal. It was a failure. The terme satisfied nobody in the Balkans and Russia. The introduction of Austria into the mist of the Balkan struggle made the case worse, It created a competition between the powers and naturally conflicts resulted.

Secondly, we can say that the antagonism was deepened and brought to a breaking point by the ambitions of both sides. Their ambitions were caused indirectly by the weakness of the Turkish Empire. The Central Powers all had the intention of gaining domination in the Balkan States. When Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, of course, it was a great lose to the Balkans and also a great reduction of Russian. power and influence in the Balkans. Ruseis was humiliated. To avenge for her own lose, Russia just waited for a pretext for declaring war on Austria.

Lastly, we can see that the strong support of Germany to Austria also aggravated the conflict between the two enemies, Austrik alone would be or less equal to Russia, but with the allied strength of modern Germany, Russia was far behind the Allies. 30 each time, Russia was forced to give way. Slowly, her ill-fueling towards Austria alsc intensified. On the other hand, as well supported, Austria was more confident of her action..

In conclusion, the ill-feeling between Russia and Austria became more and more intense during the later part of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century until the eve of the 1st World War. To account for their antagoniam was due to the weakness of the Treaty, of Berlin which created a chance for Austrian penetration in the Balkans; the anbition of the Central Powers and lastly, the encouragement of Germany in supporting Austria against Russia.

2. Describe and assess the importance of Japanese

Zaibatsu in our period,

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·求下列各題的結果,並在指定篮源工作容:

Outline:

1. Introduction.

2. The rise of "Zaibatsu" in power.

3. Its financial influence on Japan and

importance. ***

4. Its political influence.7.

5. Conclusion..

Literally, Zaibatsu means "money-cliques" and as used to signify certain great Japanaae business houses with extremely widespread interests. The Zaibatsu included more than tan families. The principal Zaibateu were the families of Mitsuf, Mitsubishi,

leni, Sumitomo, and Yasuda.

During Meiji Restoration, the Zaibatsu grew steadily in power. They became important and influencial both in economic and politics. Even before the Meiji Restoration, the Mitaui had been great traders and financiers, the Sumitomo, copper minera and rice traders while the Yasuda, money Tenders under the Tokugawa Shogunate. Their rise in power during the Restoration was explained by the facta that they were able to assist the government & industrially and financially. When the Meiji reformera started the Government-in-industry policy, the Zaibatsu had contributed a great deal to the realization of the policy by lending money to the government. In return, the government bestowed upon them the choice.

In the early years after the Restoration, the policy of government-in-industry was followed closely until 1880, when the principle of "direct control" began to give way to "indirect protection" It was at this time that the government began to turn over - some specific enterprises to the Zaibatsu at very low rates. By this transference, industrial as well as financial capital came to be concentrated in the same hands of the Zaibatsu. Government purchases and Balea of materials in foreign countries in early Meiji were made through Mitsui, which thus laid the foundation of its foreign trade activities. A11 families played an important part in strategic industries, The Mitsubishi was the agent for the government in carrying supplies to Formosa in 1875's affair and its existing small fleet of shipe was Bupplemented by the addition of 30 steamers brought. from abroad for this purpose by the government. Very large saction of the new large-scale industry was aither developed by them or brought under their control by their financial backings. During the let World War, Japan enjoyed ita prosperity and its increasing

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markets. But after the war, Japan met, inevitably, the World-wide economic crisis of 1920 with deflation and readjustment. Many other business families failed during this world slump, while these Zaibatsu prospered These great family combines grew enormously in size and power during the 1920's. They were engaged in all forms of large-scale economic activities and had a very important share e.g, mining, metala, me obanical engineering, ship-building, banking and insurance, foreign and domestic trade and others. In later 201 Bome of the Zaibatau were penetrating even into trades of small producers and competing vigorously with the merchant of their own sphere to bring such amall enterprises under their control. Thus in aconomy, the power of the Zaibateu did not atos short ith large-scale industries and trade, but penetrate deeply into the great mass of amall-scale enterprises As well,

The Zaibatsu also played a role in Japanese politics. In early years, some of the Zaibateu had even helped to finance the political movement that led to the Restoration. During Meiji Restoration, mont of the Zaibatsu had political connections which can be identified. They were in favour of either of the party leaders. These party leaders were bribed by the Zaibatsu who were now rich and powerful enough to: bridge the gap between government and party. This intimate association with the politiciana enabled them to be regarded as agents of the government and in the later 20's, it reached a position in which they could, to an increasing extent, impose their wishes on the government. All families played an important e part in financing the foreign ware in which Japan Wal engaged and also in the development of colonies such es Formos M

and S. Sakhalin,

In conclusion, the Zaibatsu were money-cliques that had gained a very loud voice in the economic and political development of the Meiji government, The main reason for gaining such power was their wealth. It enabled them to poke their noss into the state affairs. By 1929, it reached its zenith of power and influence. It was said that the Zaibatsu had played s particularly vital part especially in the economio rise of Japan. Its political influenos was comparatively smaller. By later 20th century, there was no parallel to the Zaibátau. Its importance can be estimated from the following statements "The means that were employed and indeed Japanses oconomic policy as a whole, cannot be understood without some. knowledge of the enterprises that were being built up by the mighty business groups – Zaibatsu.