1970-02-27 — Page 24

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RO英文中學會考試題預習專欄

英文書院主編

歷史科

(十七)

HISTORY (17)

How did the Third Republio fight against olericalias in France?

Qutlinet-

(1) Introduction - traditional influenes of ozuren

in politisen and education; their danger - posed-

to g11 20 age** • Therefore 21 Ya suppressed.

(2) Kensures taken under Jules Ferry, who sucoseded

after the failure of attempted routeration to

by Mac Mahon. ge

As education for public wohoole, no

religions instruction.

(b) religions orders were forbidden to give

instructions without, state authorisation, (c) civil magistrates and courte given right, which formerly belonged to the church, to perfera legal marriages and grant divoross (3) The failure of the aubaanger movement FERLOUR the prestige of the Royalist Cathalingsho supported the general.

(4) The clerical party furthers weakened by interna)

split. Popa Leo XIII sävized Fr. Catholics net to magsojate religion with polics. Many refused woliatome

(5) Bermer anti-olerion? policy after the Dreyfus

OREO.

religions orders, except those engaged 2n medical work & training of foreign missišnarios, were finally dissolved.

(1) Kambers of religions orders were not allOWOR

to teach. W

(o) 1905, Separation lot between state and churoh (6) Conclusion – successful.

The influence of the church had been very great. in French government, both in polition and education, since the tims of Cardinal Richelieu. All through the 19th century, the clericals were those who supported the Royalists and longed for the restoration of the monarchy whenever. Francs becano a republic. So the Third Republic of France had to fight against clericalise, supeoially at each orisis that threatened the survival of the Republic, such RE T- dissolution of Kao Kahon, the Bonlanger effeiz and the Dreyfus ease. After each of those orisin, there kere usually mons measures to suppress cleriosl influence in politions

In the early years or the Thing Hepublic, tuo National Assembly and the Senate were consisted of Royalists' majority and the President Exc Kahon vas also a royalist. They tried to via the support of the catholics. In 1876 the election returned a republican majority to the Chamber of Deputies. Kao Mahon attempted a dissolution with the help or the senate. However, in the next slcation, both tha Senate and the Chamber of Deputies were having a Republican majority, as a result of the commune movement, Thus the Third Republio survived Julai Grevy (Jules Ferry) was elected president. During his office, gambetta introduced an educational reform. He said that there should be compulsory education for France. Secondly, olerisal influence in education should come to an end.

In 1880 Jules Ferry van the minister of Publie Instruction, the Ferry Bohool laws were introduced. There was to be compulsory education. Free attendonos was provided in national or public school

but not in aburch schools. Only lay-teachers were qualified to teach in public schools where no religions instruction was: permitted.

tion w

In Karok 1880 the government decreed the dissolution of the society of Jesus. Other congregations were required to obtain from the state permission te remgin in France. Even before the passing of the lawn, in 1878, the French goveränest forbade religions orders to give insizuotions without- authorisation from the State.

Besides the laws concerning education, there were laws conesrning civil marriages saying that all legal marriages must be performed by oivil magistratej civil courts were empowered to grant divorcos. All those educational and marital law were together known as Laie Laws.

By these successive lavs, the izfluance of the clericals was greatly reduced, However, in 1887 to 1889, the Third Republic was in another danger » the Bonlanger crisis. Among the supporters of general Bonlanger, who was finally charged by the Republio ez high treason, there were many Royaliät ontholics wha wanted for a complete overthrow of the Republic, and the repeal of all anti-olerical laws. Fortunately, owing to the timidity and hesitation of Bonlanger, the movement failed. The mrasitige of the Republic greatly revived,

Moreover the clerical party was weakened in 1892 by their internal split. In that year, Pope Leo

advised the French not to associate religion politics. Be advised them to accept the existing government and to work for the repeal of the Laio Lavs and other legislation unfavourable to tha

.

church. Many satholics listened to the Popa, but sons still insisted on their Röyalást caus.

Because of this Papal adgijo, the governmezt, after the anlanger Crisis, divorted its attention to socialism mo that the catholics were able to regain, much of its former influenos especially in the max In 1894, there was the Dreyfur case, Later it wan die covered that it was the plot of the Royalist and anti-semitist aguinat Dreyfus, a Jewish officer in the French Aray. He was judged of sommitting treazon and senteneed÷to life imprisonment. The Republicans demanded a ascond trial but the military olique. refusad, As Dreyfus care became z natter of `high politias. Hovertheless, "by the second re-trial,

Dreyfum was proved innocent. It was a victory for the Republic over the military olique which was supported

Pr

the

nationalists. After this savore test, the government pursuit An even figuer policy of anti-clericalism. In 1901 the Association Act was enforced. By this hot, #11 religions congregations and orders which wish to continue its work in Franse zust obtain special authorisation from the government. They had to submit to siate regulations. Later, all religions orders, except those engaged in hospital work or training of foreign xissionaries, esro deprived of their former position and finally dissolved.

In 1904, another not limited the influence 01 Catholics on education was introduced. It was statež that only mentery of a religions association, whether authorized or unauthorized, would be denied of the right of toashing in schools, private or government in the next 10 years. This mada it extremely - difficult to maintain church schools in Franc......

The state was made solely responsible for education.

In 1903, the intruduction of the separation Aot separated the church and the state. The Concoraz of 1801 by Napoleon Bonarparte van formally dennounded - Tko state he longer paid salaries to the clergymon though it still continuad to giva pension to the old aged olerguen. The church and its propertise secularisad. In 1907, the same act was modified by which each church and its pastor could depend upon the support of its parish. Consequently, the church. had lost the right of receiving financial help from the State, of forming association exempt for charitable purposes, and of receiving exemption Trom military services and taxation.

The people of France were not against all these nti-olezieni measures as they did not interfere with the freedom of religion. In addition, the influence of the ohużck was much lessened in people's mind due to the seoularization of education, development of socialism. As a result, the possibility of using the church for political propaganda was greatly lessened. Clergyman-bugan to divert their interast from the political ficin to the social fisid, Thus the Third Republio had fought successfully against olericalism.

Why did the Japanese Shogunste cera to an end in 18677 Esy Yar is it correct to describe that

revolution?

eventua

Outl friz

1) lutroanssion – Tokugawa bhogunate, 1603-1868. (2) CSUBS#1

Noauuzes taken by the Shogunats produosa oppositions—

(1) Social distanation, system or Sankin

Kotal

(11) seclusive policy.

effect-opposition developing underground. Inevitable changes

@CONOMIC — "rice" to "money" eoONOMY, Bankrupcy.

(11) Social – rise of meronany dla83. ii)

elution — debasement of currency, nuav tazation, general discontent. Peapant uprisings.

Growing reverence to una imperor baused by: the revival of Shintojen,

(1) Danses

(ii) result

d) Opposition from W, alana – the Satoko – Hito

group."

a) Forsiga intrusion – forced opening of Japan's

doors.

Justification of this event to be a revolution changes mude, but in fact, it was a restoration as the political system was not ohangad. (4) conclusion.

The mais basic reason for the decline of the Tokugawa Shogunate was the unwise measures employed: by the shogunate to main power and peace. Rigid social distinotions and the system of Sankin Kotaž devised to scours firm control over all the feudal Lords, including both the Fudai and the Tosima, caused grievances, The system needed great expenses whi oh" finally led to state bankrupay. In external affairs, the Shogunate adopted the soclusive policy. All the doers were closed except the Dutch at Nagasaki and Dashina. This proved to be fatal. Escause of this geographical proximity, the western olans, who were non-supporters of the regime, gained a closer contact with the went through the Dutch lasrning. They became more critical of the weakness.

The Tokugawa Shogunate ruled as the usurper (6) the imperial power from 1603 to 1868. In order to maintain internal pdace and personal power, the Shogun tried hard to maintqin the "internal stratification of society" and "asclusive policy". The Shogunate was able to give a period of peace to Japan. But the decline of the regime became an inevitable in the middle of the 19th century as the old system was inadequate and the skogunate refused any change, 20 account for the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate, there were both internal, and arternal

ToaBoDE.

of the old system, rnus tae insfficiency of the Shogunate pelinies, devised disregarding the welfare of the state and people, ultimately produced opposition which was shaping itself to a definite açarse underground, under the cloak of superficial. peace and prosperi

五期星 日七廿月二年〇七九一屣公年九十五國民華中

(接第六張第二頁)

鸡辅

一個鐵 中文中學會考試復習身標

物理科 (TE)

鄧炳恩

575重米美第一発音え標数当 200次付 受无强力每千竹-

重敬重力加速度為981

克 米子则两支点間弦之質量為 6. 設声音在水中之速度為1440秒;一图鳌海 貯水而適能與揚256次南之音叉共振则管 長者。

又另一毅長王管亦能梁此音光芒振到比篑

其實

1長83厘米,今吹入0°C之空臣則此

風琴管使其温克白16°C升至127 三平方根成正比則 一比

9.基溫度時口笛 所發蓄之振数为15°C 楼之路 10.两胁琴管一為闭觉,一为间管其所登之者欄

Secondly, the changes within the Japanese society capsed the end of the shogunate. Despite the best efforts of the shogunate in preventing: acy change, natural processes of evolution and growth was inevitable. Owing to a long period of pesce, the demand for luzurias stimulted the growth -of industries and commerce, àil those in turn changed) the old "ries economy" into "scasy ssszony". Control over 400mony was no longer in the hands of the band owning classes. The moropanta were bacoming wealthier) and offer tkay, vere the oraditors of the shogun and - the daimyos, Bot infrequently, the debtors tried to release their debta by arranging inter-olans an marriages. Thus the century long rigid soolal strata was altered de a certain degree, Here disastrous-was the measures employed to solve financial difficultion by dsbanenant of the currency and heavy taxation. All these obigen an

and the wrong approacžés of the government caused widespread discontest among siẶ mocial olurses. Bad harvest in the saoly decaden of the century added to provoka peasanů uprisings, which mpread even to some toung, led by saEUTRÁS,

Thirdly, the growing reverence to the Emperor was also a death blow to the declining Shogunatu). This was due to the revival of Japanera learning. During the years of peace, the samurais, who were the professional soldiers, võre eneouraged to be and preoccupied in the studying of both Chinese Japanese alassics. It led to the revival of their native religion - Shintoism. This reminded the people of the illegal usurpation of the imperial power, by the Shogun. Thus many began to shift thair loyalty and reverenes from the shogun to the Emperor. The popularity, azz support to the shogun ware greatly undernized.

Subsequently, opposition to the shogun was wropping up. The western olɑns now formed a union among the chief clans - Satsuma, Choshu Tosa and. Hison, This group of opposition was known as the Satomo-lite group, They formed a political unit surrounding the Emperor and the Kuge and backed up by great marahants of Osaka. What they aimed at vas to restore the power of the Emperez. Thus, often, they tried to make matters wozas for the shogun mainly manifested by their anti-foreign policy when the west pressed on the shogun to open her doors,

Alion intrusion noted as the last straw in breaking the camel's back. The weaknesses of the shogunais had already been revealed in its incompetant policies above-mentioned. The snorosch- mens of the west further revealed its weaknesses,

ADOTA OG VRs Ung¬main doer in tAL® PLUOŠ== TO NA ZANE " desanded the opening of doors in Japan for ship repairing and opsling purposes mainly. The signing of the sunsessive treation of Perry (1854) and Hərrim (1858) proved that Japan was unable to resist. foreign aggression. In order to aaka Japan capable of facing the dangers of being devoured, by the west, a contralized and strong government was necessary. Under joint pressures from within and without, tia new Shogun leiki made his resignation in 1867, It marked the end of the shogunate and also removed to obstacle for the restoration of the Imperor Meiji.

From one point of view, the event might be regarded as a revolution which denotes changes wIZO made in the system of government and in social status OS 411 these changes were revolutionary as they were different from the old tradition. On the other hand, it was just a restoration. The Emperor was existent under the Tokugawa shogunate. The difference wan that he vAN HOW- being restored into power again. In- place of the shogun, it was the powerful western clanm, ái the child Emperor, Meiji, was only 14 there was this transference of power from the hand of the shogun to the hands of the western clans. Thi political system had not been

raileen altered.

To conclude, the end of the Tekugawa regimo vas osumed by the shogun's incumpetent policies, internal and externals mooial and economic shanges which roused grievances of almost all olsuseny the revival of imperial popularity through Japanese learning and was torn intrusion. All these added foros to the opposition group in overthrowing the decadent ruis. The event was dus un much to an explosion" from within as te a summon from without. Nevartheless, the episode was quite peaceful and without much bloodshed. It's not a revolution.