1970-02-09 — Page 22

真二第張六第日四初月正年戌庚廳寬 WAH KIU YAT PO

LO英文中學會考試題預習專欄

经道英文書院主編

歷史科

HISTORY (14)

(十四)

1. What were the causes of the 1911 Revolution?

An underlying cause of the 1911 Revolution was the anti-Manchu tradition of the Chinese people, Ever since the time when the Manchus invaded China from the northwest and established their regime in Peking, the Chinese people had been regarding them as foreign conquerors as barbarians who did not possess the Mandate of Reaven, and who were cruel and uncivilized. As a result, the Chinese people never whole heartedly supported the Ching Dynasty; they only accepted it as a reality, and never forgot that their rulers were an alien race. The situation was aggravated by the memories of the savageness of the Manchu amies, by the racial discrimination policy of t the Court, and by the oppressive measures of the government directed against the China. Thus throughout the Ching Dynasty, anti-Mancha sentiment never died down. Secret societies were formed everywhere with the aim of overthrowing the Ching Dynasty and restoring China to the Chinese, and the anti-Manchu cause had been taken up as the major theme by several serious uprisings against the government, most notably the Taiping Rebellion. As it was, the revolutionary novamant among the late Ching period was in one aense an extention of this tradition. The movement was motivated and organized by the Chinese; the Taiping Rebellion served as a source of inspiration; the anti-Manchu cause was a theme emphasized in the revolutionary programme and propaganda; and the movement sought and got the support of the secret sociaties.

Another underlying cause of the Revolution was the need for reform during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The general awareness that China had to change was originated in the mid-19th century mainly as a reaction to foreign encroachment. At first, in the Self-strengthening Movement which lasted from 1860 to 1894, pioneers of reform were high government officials who advocated changes within the existing framework. But by the time when the Sino- Japanese War of 1894-95 proved the Self-strengthening Movement a fuilure, the character of the reform movement had changed. It had developed into a s001aL movement splitted into two factions. One group aimed at the institution of a constitutional monarchy, while the other sought for China's salvation through a revolution. The reason why such a revolutionary movement emerged was at least three-fold. In the first place, some political thinkers of the day became convinced that political reconstruction was prerequisite for effective reforme, and that democratio republic was the best form of government. Secondly, many reformers had lost confidence in the Ching government, which was corrupt, inefficient, autocratic in nature, bound by tradition, and

dominated by conservative forces. Lastly, the issue of reform had been linked up with anti-Manchu sentiment... Many Chinese reformers thought that no real reform could be possible under the Manchu government. Thus in the eyes of the revolutionaries, the Ching Dynasty was an obstable to China's regeneration and therefore had to be overthrown. As time went on, the revolutionary movement gradually gained ground; especially after the failure of the Reform Kovement in 1898. The Ching Government further revealed its own incapability and folly to the whole world by patronizing the Boxer Movement in 1900-1901,8 Although Tzu-hei and her followers introduced certain Reforma and prepared to grant constitution in the decade that followed, they only pushed more people to the revolutionary camp because such reforms were half-hearted in the eyes of the Chinese, and not

speedy and drastic enough to satisfy the demands. the radical agitators, who were growing in number day by day.

The Revolutionary Kovement was further. strengthened by the social and intellectual changes of the time. The Reform Kovement of the 1890's had established the tradition of political discussions). reformist and revolutionary ideas were spread by the modern press) new schools and new education served to produce a new generation of Chinese youth imbued wit new ideae. Soon Chinese students who went abroad to stuây, mrmy officers who wade sent to Japan for further training and emigrant Chinese who settled in overseas places were attracted to the Revolutionary Movement, which became better organized after the Fung-meng Hui was established in 1905, and under the leadership of Dr. Sun Yat-sen and Huang Hsing

On the other hand, the development of avanta after 1905 seemed dettimental in every way to the Ching regime and precipitated atap by step the⠀ Revolution. Firstly, both Emperor Kuang-hau and Emprees. Dowager didd in 1908, and the Three-year- old Plu-i was placed on the throne as Hsuan-tung Emperor, with his father, Prinos Chin, as regent. The throne was left in the hands of a group of ignorant and vain glorious Manoku princes, striving to maintain their power in the midst of reform. Yuan Shih-kai was dismissed in 1909, and Chang Chih-tung died later in the year. SeBondly, the constitutional movement initiated by the government itself had aroused aspirations which it failed to satisfy with the limited programme. In August, 1908, the Empress Dowager proclaimed a set of constitutional principlem to guide a nine-year program to prepare for Onetitutional self-government. Accordingly, consultative provincial assemblies were to ba

報日僑華

一期星日九月二年〇七九一曆公年九十五國民華中

育教僑華・

Convened in 1909 and a consultative national assembly in 1910. Ardent constitutionalists, however, objected to so long a period. In 1910, representative of all 16 provincial assemblies met at Paking, politioning the throne to set up a national parliament. This was rejected but the petitioning continued, and became intensified after the consultative national assembly convened in October 1910. Thus pressed, the regant promised a parliament for 1913. Meanwhile in April 1911, a cabinet was established, but here tha regent made a fatal mistake of appointing eight Manchus, one Mongol bannermas, and only four Chinese

announced a In the next month, the government

plan for the nationalization of the 6000-odd miles of railways in China. It also declared that it had.. obtained a loan from the Four-Power Banking

Sonsortium of British, American, German, and French banking interests to finance the construction of the Szechuan-Hankow-Kwangtung line. The nation immediately protested that Peking was playing into

the lands of foreign creditore. The provinces, whion controlled the railways, saw their independence being threatened. Thus "Railway Protection Societies suddenly sprang up, and fighting broke out between government troops and local militiamant. In the midst of this confusion, new army units stationed in Wuchang rose up in revolution and Wuhan was quickly occupied. Other provinces responded by. declaring themselves independent of the Ching Government. As a result, the Ching government was finally forced to give up ita rule.

2. Give a general survey of the Greek War for

Indanandanas

Doutzenstern Europa. from the Adviation to the Black Sea wga under the rule of the Turks who built up the Oltomon Empire which stretched from Europe to Abia with the spread of Mohammedanism in the 8th and 9th centuries, The European part of the Empire included Greece, Bulgaria, Bosnier, Wallachia, Moldavia, Bessarabia, which consisted soveral

© Christian Faces. By early 19th century, owing to

number of causes, the 01tomon Empire began to break up, and there was a growing ambition among the different nationalities for self-government.

Russia had a

a long tradition of interest in this guarter of the Oltomon Empire. Firatly she wanted to expel the Turks from Europe, and liberate the Christian races from Rohammedan domination. Secondly, she wanted to secure an outlat into the Mediteranean Sea. Thus for centuries Russia and Turkey had been constantly in conflicts with each other. By the Treaty of Kutchuk Kainardji 1774, Russia got the right to make representations" on behalf of the Christian subjects of the Sultan. This later proved. be a source of trouble, because Russia could take

it as a pretext for action in the Balkans.

The intervention of the other powers added to the complication of the situation, because they could not regard Russian aotion in the Balkans as

disinterested, and viewed any attempt by the Tzar to champion the cause of the oppressed peoplesïin the Southeast of Europe as a move to advance Russian: influence in that direction. Whenever Russia was willing to take up arms on behalf of the Christiana the statesmen of western and central Europe' wara. prepared for support the Turkish Empire as a barrier against

advance.

The Creeks aspirations for independence thus gave the statesmen of Európe a difficult problem to solve. They suffered from Turkish oppression, and

were subject to heavy taxation and brutal treatment. With the revival of the Greek national spirit in the early 19th century, a society called Hetairia Philike was formed in 1814, aiming at, freeing the Greeks from Turkish rule. It became circle spread and powerful, and in 1821 war broke out in the Morea.

The war was fought with great ferocity on bota and in sides. European sympathy was with the Greeks, many countries societies were formed for the purpose. of assisting them with money and troops.

The governments of Europe were perplexed by the Greek revolt. The revolt itself directly ran against the principle of the Vienna. Settlement, but it could not maintained that it would be an accordance with Christian principles to help a Mohammedan Sultan to put down a revolt of the Christian Greeks. On the other hand, greek success would encourage restless and discontented people in Europe to rise against their rulers, and the Holy Alliance existed to put down such attempts. Moreover, the western powers feared Russian intervention into the Balkans. Britain and Austria were particularly concerned about this problem. So in the early years, Canning, the British foreign Secretary, and Metternich, the Austrian Chancellor used their influence to prevent the intevention of Alexander of Russia alone on behalf of the Greeks,

In 1825, however, the situation changed. In that year, the Sultan obtained help from Mehemet Ali, the Parsher of Egypt. For a time the intervention of the Egyptians appeared to be decisive and it seemed that the Greeks were fighting a losing cause, Another important event in that year was the death of Alexander of Russia who was aucceeded by his brother Nicholas I sa Tsar. The latter was in favour

of assisting the greek. Canning, of course, ala nou wish to see Russian influence being extended into the Balkans, but he also understood that it would be hardly possible to object to Russia taking up arme, So he arranged for joint Anglo-Russia action. The French government also joined in and in 1827, by the Treaty of London, the three powera agreed to compel the Sultan to accept the mediation, and to recogniz the autonomy of the greeks. Upon the refusal of the Sultan, the three powers sent their fleets to Turkish waters, and deatroyed the Turks-Egyptian fleet at Navarino. A Russian army invaded Turkey in 1828 and marched towards, Constantinople, the capital of the O1tomon Empire. The Sultan was compelled to give a way. By the Treaty of Adiranople, in 1829, Greece was recognized as a self-governing state under Turkish over lordship. The Greeks, however, refused thie settlement, and in 1832 the Kingdom of Greece was recognized as fully independent.

中學入學試試題預習專欄

智造出板社主編

(F)

+35

數學科

母子和及母子差算法

(一)計算解分數的選用經時,要分辨清烋时數、于故及百分制的意思。多妆一箱際共100

F65個我們冷部帶100周您的35周165 175部份,都 735%及65%就些溫部份佔全部帶數的百分數,卻之百分率。即贩、于数及百分爷陪我,日知 间所項,可推示其未知項...

公式:

E-FR+BIQ 于 收變形罩x百分蟹

-

FOT

例頭(1)案校選牛,投老者2500人,取錄1000人,問取錄及落馆的各佔再分之變?

(雜誌) ·取件1000人72500人球做

·00A +2500 X −40%

$2500 1000% –1500%

311500 +2500 A -60%

例姐(2)某校有婆生800人,男生活的,問女生有多少人?

《解法》男生占60%,國女生佔60%-40%系百分率,300人知斑飲,現櫻泿于數

#4 200×405–420x

例題(3)今年米1每片0.9元,恰是去年575%,開去年米国每厅多少话?

《解法]:今年米夏多污0,9元是子酉,75%是百分率,現時數,故去年米價爲

-0.9% +75% -1.20

例题(4) 某人投,4000元型商,一年多次利共得4500元,問藥利自分率嫩多少?

(RB) 一年雙料爲4500元; - 4000元-500元:

故機利率需500元+4000元=12.56

(一)百分法的爆用問選,所求往往不是母廠或子數,而是其和成善。用于知的母與于歎之 BERIZ✯

#TA-##× (1+)

我救了肚子和+(1十百分凇

RT-NX (1-70*):

母殺子 百分)

例盟(L)校去年有學生256人,本年增加25%,間本年有學生多少?

(解決)256人爆敗加25%是百分率,本年人数母子和“故本年學生:

256A × (1+25%)

125

256x

100%

例題:(2):約手共62號,于年法父年的24%,京交竿。

《解法》

2裹成母子和,24%是百分转,父年坪數)父年爲:

62+ (1+24%)

100.

-* 62 * ×

124

-50

小明盟(3):某甲有線420元,用至75%,問選剤提元?

(解法》

$20 (1-75%

25

4ZU

100

105

外國(4) 有布一定,寫去30%尙63尺,問原多少?

(解生)03尺母于强,30%是百分率,布淙療數,战原有布3

·63 R+ (-30%)

·甲鄰參選擇營

100

70.

90

練

羅正推答,用筆左右方適當的小方內一選說: 1.箱內有撥125固,填的佔467 則好的濫有

A 1004 B5 C120 D251 £30

如果中數比乙數大50%制乙出甲數示:

A 25% 320 C83-p12.5% 24.5%

如果甲數比乙數小20%,則乙成比甲歐大 A 20%

825% 30% DI2.5% E24.5%

某人二月的薪金爲630元,已知本月比上月增5%,則上月的弱

et"

A615 8585 C250 D500 E595

·将某人的薪金先加30%,夜$30%,則某人實得是浓费 AO B30 C8% 9% 10%

4.交招考新生投冷人數是450人,及格的佔6%,不及格的人數患有

P270 AQ423A R300 S150A - T250A

L.270元的30跖

P837 Q907 R1 837 T100%

50% F25 m,

A.BCDE

A B C DE

ABCDE

ABODE

5. ABCDE

6. PQRST

B: BÉNA

8. PQRST

P25加侖Q30加角50加侖 $45加侖 T60加侖

六年級有學生40人,女生佔40%,則生有

P18A Q20AR19A 827A T21A

10.用有永455元用去20%後,剩下

P917 Q395 R364 $400 268A

11.甲乙二人共有鋌195元,中所有是乙所有的30%,則甲有事

A 150 B45 C100 D125 1357

12.未恼昨天$32頁,今天比昨天少25%後,則天

AB B20 100 D28 24

传天去20,今天比昨天多用30%,今天比昨天多用 A265822 C30 DOT EST

PQRST

10. PQRST

11. ABCDE

ABCDB

ABCDE

A1000 B-2000 100005 012000

味,某人落月用去其月薪的88-%後,還有115元作野善,表共一书的

薪金盛。

$10500元

14. ABC DE

某人死用去其原有的25%,文用去餘 F欸城的37%,結果還 有189元,則集入原有

15. ABC DE

A300 B400 C500 D600 650

̇計算下列各題,我把答案以在指定的空活上:

·16. #A

X个月聯合800元,本片增加5%,求本月的薪金多少?

17.“小明原有段750元,用去20%後,除下多少?

小维昕有欸25%和小玉所有歇的5%相響,如果小平有1000元,

小天有多少元?

19.果一盒小吃了10號,已給他吃去全然額的20%,問全盒销

#W?

A20,人有樓一臂,每月收租400元,若每三個月付窑前204元關想

·前佔租金的百分之頰里

A21,前者每年入得25,000元。426我的入息出,問他該納入总视創

A22,入的5%和乙入感於20%相等,如果中国年入20000元

MZWALA64?

(未完蟀入第六第三頁)

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