1969-12-12 — Page 18

舞二第張五第二日四初月一十年西巴曆夏 WAH KIU YAT PC

1770英文中學會考試題預習專欄

【追将又書院主編

歷史科

HISTORY (6)

(*)

What was the purpose of the Self-Strengthening Movement? Why did th Movement fail?

By 1860, Western elcroachment on China had reached a new height wish the Anglo-French seizure of Peking. In that year, the Taiping Rebellion had also come to a high tidy with the opening fresh campaigns. In 181, Emperor Haien Feng died and was succeeded by the child Emperor Tung Chin, The Ching Dynasty indeed a peared to be doomed..

But the foreign troops departed with the conclusion of the final peace settlement in 1860, and the Ching victories over the Taipings in 1661 marked the turning of the tide in favour of the established dynasty. The Rebellion was finally put to an end in 186. For time, the dynasty appeared to have been saved, and some of her former vigour segned to have returned.

have peuple

To those

who understood the situation, the return of peace did not mean that the problems of the day were solved. In the past two decades, China had been tice defeated by foreign powers. It was just obvious that China was unable to defend p heruelf. For her salvat on, China must change and prepare herself for future challenges from the West.

The new mil tazy leaders who emerged from the Taiping campaign share this opinion and were willing work hard to rake China strong. They had seen the western-style Ever Victorious Army in action and naturally were most aware of the military superiority of the West. To them, military Westernization seemed a solution to both domestic and foreign problems. Chief among theer men were Taeng Kuo-fan, Li Hung- Chang and Teo Terng-fang.

In fact the ideas of imitating the West can be tagad back to the time if the Opium War. Wei Yuan in the early fortier, had already introduced the new concept of "learing their (western) superior technology än order to control then". Thie concept was taken up as the nat .onale of the new adventure of technogical Weiternisation in the sixties. Thua emerged the movement which historians have identified by the phrase "thu-chiang"?, meaning "self-strengthening" The Leaders of the Self-Strengthening Movement, however, were strongly tonfuolan in outlook. Though/ they advocated the selected adoption of Western technology, they also screased the importance of old Comfucian virtues. Whey understand that machinery was the dynam.o of Western civilization and, so they tried to make use of its but they never recognized the vɛlue of European political and soolal· institutions. They stil. had full confidence in China's tedition I inst tutions and social values, particularly in their superiority over Western ones. Therefore the Self-Stre: gthening movement had only a very limited program. It only aimed at raforms at the technological level, and especially in the military field.

By the hard work on the leaders in the period of 1860-94, the Self-strengthening Movement movad forward slowly but steadily along several lines → diplomatio

fisorl, educational and military.

The movement came to an end with the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese fa în 1894, The defeat of Chins in the War indirected that the Movement was a failure. After more thai, thirty years of self- strengthening, Ching was still unable to meet the challenge of even Japan.

One of the Totors of the failure of the Self- Strengthening Movement 1y in the fallacy of the theory of the Movement. As mentioned above; the reform program wa a ver, limited one, and based on 'the concept of "larning their superior technology in order to control them'. The leaders had wrongly assumed that if China could learn to use these.... material things, she would be able to handle all foreign problems. Moreover, the leaders lacked an over-all plan to be carried out step by step and merely began one thing after nothing according to current naada.

To do sobe justic to these leaders, we should, however, remind ourselves of grave difficulties they encountered in carrying out their projects. 411. innovations were bitterly opposed. The supertations peasants, for instance, were terrified of locomotive, and of the telegraph. Also, blindly reactionary and conservative officials either actively opposed and criticized the riforms or passively followed a policy of non-cooperation. Not over, the Empress Dosager Tzu-hsi was not interes bed in the movement and misappropriated Large & uma of money onirinally

derroted to modernization projects for other purposes Therefore, the failure of the Movement should be. attributed mainly to the anti-foreign conservatism of the Chinese educated class as a whole, and to the selfisheness of the Empress Dowager and certain high officials as her court in particuler.

What were the circumstances that brought about the Hundred Jays forms"? How far were they successful?

The Hundred Day, Reforma were an indirect outcome of the Sino-Japanese War in 1894-95. China's une.cpected defeat by Jaban revealed her weaknessas and incompetence. Botancouraged by this and sti nulated by Jajan's s tcoeps in securing farm reaching concessions from China in the Shimonsski negotiations, the great powers began to increase their pressures in Chin and competed with each other international rivalry was intensified in all its

報日僑華

五期星日二十月二十年九六九一 蕃公年八十五國民華中昚教僑麴

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中文中學會考試題預習專欄

物理科 (六)

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many and complex forms and the next few years scramble for concessions which threatened the break up of China.

All these were deeply felt by the scholar- gentry class in China. To these people, China's

defeat was a shattering blow, and the vigorous and. menacing encroachment of the Foreign powers seemed to foreshadow not only the end of the dynasty but the extinotion of the Chinese state itself. As an A immediate resetion to the outcome of the war, there was an unprecedented outpouring of patrotrićtic. concern from among the class, which quickly developed into a Reform Movement and finally gulminated in the Hundred Days Reforms of 1893.

In the atmosphere, or diarn and general -couster- nation that followed the war, numerous memorials were sent to the throne. Many people violently accussed Li Hung-Chang for his treachery and blingly. clamoured for a continuation of the war. Others, realizies the weaknesses of China, more positivel advocated programs of reform. It is noteworthy that many of the participants in this patriotic movement vere scholar-gantry who were not in office. The group led by K'ang Yu-wei was a typical example. Kay, 1895, K'ang led a group of more than 1200. provincial graduates (Chii-jen), who were at Peking for the triennial examinations in presenting the

"Memorial of the Examination Candidates. It

advocated the rejection of the peace treaty, the

move of the capital inland for prolonged warfare and the institution of reformá,

These people proved themselves to be the dynamic force of the Reform Movement, Generally: speaking, they represented a younger generation whe were more receptive to new ideas and innovations. In fact, many of the leaders were Cantonese who han had direct contact with Westerners in Hong Kong ant. Shanghai, and therefore had gained more understanding of the West. They had moved from the appreciation of Nastern weapons to that of ships and railways, and thence to the admiration of Western political and social institutions. Moreover, as they were not in office and had no past political record, their motivities were not restricted by any official, status or bound by past policies.

In substance, the Reform Movement was an

institutional innovation. First, it led to a great: deal of political discussion by scholar-gentry who were not in office. Secondly, many scholar-gentry political associations or "Study sucieties" (hsuch- him), emerged in Peking, Shanghai and other major-centres. Gradually, these study societies began to publish journals and newspapers to spread their ideas of raforme, which soon sprouted up all over the country!

It is true that these activities encountered some difficulties, particularly the interference of the government. But with the increasing encroachment of the foreign powers, the help of the prass, ard the sympathetic support of many high officials, the Reform Movement was able to attract more and more scholar-gentry and thrive,

It was only in such circumstances that the "Hundred Days' Rafurms" were able to come into tsing. In November, 1897 Genmany occupied Kiáohow Bay and the port of Tsingtao in Shantung. As a result, Russia, France and Britain likewise moved in early 1898 to secure far-reaching concessions from China. This revival of the atmosphere of orisis brought Kang Yu- wei his change..

After the German Beizure of Kiaochow, Klang presented his fifth memorial. Wang Tung-ho, tha former imperial tutor, recommended Kang to Emperor Kuang-hau, who was ardently enthusiastic for reforms, After a few audiences with the Emperor, K'ang wan able to convince him and win his confidence.

During the hundred days between June 11 and September 21, 1698, Kuang Hsu, with Kang Yu-wei, Liang Chi Chao and others as advisers behind the scenes, issued forty or more reform ediots dealing with almost every subject; emphasis was given to education, examination system, military syatem, commerce and industry and discipline of the officials. These hundrad days were the peak era of the Reform Movement.

Sine Jure as the reform leaders were, they encounted opposition from many directions. The Manchus, the conservatives, the sineourists, the corrupted officials, the degree-holders, and many others all found their positions and interest being threatened by the institutional reforms, In short, the emperor found himself at war with the whole establishment, not least, with his adoptive" nother, the Empress Dowager of Tzu-hai. Finally on September 21, 1898, with the help of the top Manchu military commander, Jung-lu, Tzo-hsi seized the Kuang-hau Emperor in a coup d'etat. Klang and Liang fled; six other reformers were killed; many more were imprisoned, deposed and exiled. The movement come to an abrupt end.

In terms of power politics, the "Hundred Days! Reforma" were a total failure. Yet the Reform Movement was not without achievements. Firstly, some moderate reform measures continued. Secondly, it represented for the first time an actual trial in institutional reform. Thirdly, also for the fire t time, it was a movemant that was motivated by scholar gentry outside the bureaucracy. Though it was still a revolution from above, it bore the colour of a social movement. And the social forces that the whole Reform Movement had released were sure to have an influence on the future politics of China, as munifested in certain social changes and various kinds of reform activities after 1998.

Questions for next week:?

1. What were, the causes of the war between Japan

und China in 1894? What advantages did Japan gair

as a result of the War?

How did Metternich influence European affairs between 1815 and 18307

C 剛体力學 填-

題題解 大小相等,方向相反但不作用於同 平行力称海力遇其合力為零其中 两力間垂直距離之積称為夕惕短 乙两力之合 * 239.44 £ £

力与尺别

72 + (4) ► † 2 × 10 x 4 C#o 60°

2√39 114 £ §.

3. 凡物体受推動時若其重心之水平

或降低面隨處均能保持平衡者称与隨遇平 衡 凡重心之位置較像底面積較

物体

如稍加推動後仍能回復其原位

弥勒魏 定平衡,凡至心之位置较高底面穫较小之 物体如精加推動後其重心位置下降而不能 回復其原位置者称为不稳定平衡

4.腾木捍支架於距20千克里物3米美姑能使

z* f.

解报支点。距20仟 -

至物体为工米, 则取。点作力矩 中心得,

201412

30 × (5-1) = 20 L

3

点此水

解設作求

乏力魔为54磅重

梅干

BA巻カ姫す心則

FX8-72x10x sixe:

Sima= √180-6+; 10 =0.6

· F =(72 X 10 × 5-6)/8

(4D)

2磅重

4水平 施於B,使A 静止於B,並随B以等建

運動則此水平力F衣为3磅重

若A保持不動而B以等速運動则此水平

F' &為4磅重

F =025×(4+8) = 3

F =0.25×4 + 0.25 x (478)

(D

7. 物体與斜面阴之動摩擦係數為04

解投平行於斜面王力为P粉体之亚为W动摩

排便

心則依題意得

- A COO 9 - Lusine = 0

$6-12-0X0.344

8.須於此 ***F2 =0,

1水平方向用力10万

• Coo 30°

、BC鋼案上之

#30

~30° = F/30

F =30x /√3

=105 (11)

力为133磅重。

sime = 6/10 = 0.6

A点が中心則

Tsino x8 = 60 1:8 +40x4

60x8 + 10x4

0.6x8

133 (2) ₤).

H

总之垂直反作用力為1500碚豆、

作用力为72.2磅發 解設在A点之垂直反作用力為 水平及作臣力為H则

= 1000 + 500

=1500 (#1)

H=7

*A*** 4 ^, 1] #M, =0 25

T∙l Sin 60° = 1000. £.com 60° + 500 £ colo

# £ L G AB Z &.

T = (500+15)/0×866 = 7287 = 7,22 (3D)

C.剛体力學問答計算題

小將童100 磅之 A物体放於傾角為30元斜面 無摩擦之滑輪連接另一

物体A

摩擦係數為030.求、

(C)當日物体以等速在斜面上向上運動時B

未完轉入第五張第三頁)