1969-12-05 — Page 23

育教僬華頁三第張六第日六廿月十年西巴曆夏 WAH KIUYAT PO

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170英文中學會考試題預習專欄

道英文書院主編

歷史科

HISTORY (5)

(五)

Suggested answer for Q. 2 of the 4th issue.

In what ways did the victory of Japan in the Sino- Japanese War of 1894-5 affect the Far Eastern policies of the Great Powera up to 19008

Japan's victory in her war with China in 1834-5 heightened her ambitions in East Asia. The Treaty of Shimonoseki (April 1895), in which Japan demanded. from China the cessions of. Formosa, the Pescadores, the Liaotung Peninsular with Port Arthur, etc, indicated clearly that Japan had gone beyond her original war aims and undertaken an aggressive ana expansionist policy towards China. This new development of events had important repercussions. In view of the new advances of Japan, the other great Powers were forced to readjust their Far Eastern policies so as to reassure their positions and secure their interest. For the old Powers like Britain and France, the task was to defend their long-entrenched interest, while the new ones likė Germany tried to strengthen their positions by. obtaining fresh concessions from China and resisting, as far as they can, similar advances of other Powers, In the years that followed, the Great Powers found themselves either actively or passively or both, involved in a competition with each other in China, a process which we may call the scramble for. concessions.

The first reaction of the Great Powers to the Treaty of Shimonoseki was the triple interference of Russia, Germany and France, which forced Japan to surrender the Liaotung Peninsula to its rightful owner, in return for a heavier indemnity. Japan, which stood alone at that time, singrily followed the "advice". Pressing this advantage. Russia got French and Russian banks to loan China 400 million gold francs at the relatively low rate of per cent interest, to help pay China's indemnity due to Japan. All these happened in the year 1895.

In the same year, France also aucceeded in extorting a concession to open mines in Southwest China and to extend her railways there from Tongking,

These events inaugurated a new phase of imperial Penetration in China, in which novel methods were used. The newapproach used loans, railways, leased areas, reduced land tariffs and rights of local jurisdiction of police power, and of mining exploritation to create in effect "sphere of influence". The Franco-Russian allies, having little sea trade, encroached China from their land-based positions or the south and north, in Indo-China and the Russian Far East. Britain and Germany, on the other hand, as trading and naval powers without important land frontiers with China, sought their spheres in the Yangtze Valley and Shangtung, respectively. Their bankers also lent two-thirds of the funds that China required to pay the Japanese indemnity.

In fact, no power inne midst or these events, followed a straight and single course of action, because each was influenced by all the others, as well as the by the background of European alliancee and the imperial rivalries in the world as a whole. To Summaries the situation, we may quote the words of J.K. Firnbank, that "great-power rivalry chiefly motivated the rapid maneuvers by which Britain: France Germany, Russia, Japan and to some extent the United States variously challenged, assisted, forestalled, and cooperated with one another to take advantage of the expected break up of China."

Despite the keen competition between themselves, the great Powers were cautions enough in never pushing things too far. Generally speaking, they avoided open frictions with each other, and there was a general tendency of coming into agreements with each other defining their respective rights. The Anglo-French South West China agreement in 1896, and the Anglo-Russian agreement in 1899. were. tynical examples.

Moreover, most or the great Powers did not want): a break up of the Chinese Empire. Fowers like Britain and the United States were primarily interested in trade, and wanted to preserve the integrity of China, so that equal opportunities for trade might be maintained. This is the reason why in the autumn of 1899, John Hay, the American Secretar of State, advocated the Open Door Policy. In his notes sent to Britain, Germany, Russia, France and Japan, the existence of these power's spheres of influence was recognized, but each was asked to promise first, not to interfere with any treaty port. in any such sphere; second, that only the Chinese government should collect duties on trade at such ports, and only according to the treaty, tariff; and third, that no preferential harbour dues or railroad charges should benefit the subjects of a power having a sphere". Another note of John Hay in 1900 advocated also the preservation of China's territorial and administrative integrity. Everyone. agreed, and, the open Door became the general S agreement among the Big Powers in the coming years.

To put the hole course of events under review, we can find that the policies of the Great Power were.

報日福

not novel adventures. They were in ract policies extended from the past, of course with some modifications and readjustment. Even the Open Door Folicy was a mere institutionalization of the past attitudes and principles of Britain and the United States. Therefore, when we try to see these new developments as a result of Japan's victory in the War of 1894-5, we can only safely say that it had precipitated, but no caused the great rivalries in the years of 1895-1900.

A question brought forth for the discussion of this week:

Contrast the results of the First and Second Chinese: Wars of 1839-1842 and 1850-1850 respectively.

The First War ended with the Trauty of Nanking in 1842. Besides paying on indemnity of 21 million Mexican dollars. China was forced to accept the principle of diplomatic equality in her relations with the best, to cede Hong Kong to Britain, to abolish the Ocheng monopoly of foreign trade at Canton, and to open five ports (Canton, Amoy, Foochow, Wingpo and Shanghailfor trade under consular supervision, This settlement was later completed by the British Treaty of the Bogue in 1843 and amplified by the American Treaty of Nanghsia the french Treaty of Nhampoa in 1844. By these: I treaties, new elements like conventional tariff, extra-territoriality, most-favoured-nation clause, etc, were introduced.

From the point of view of the West these treaties while accomplishing something, left the door of China only partially open. For instance, there was as yet no Chinese diplomatic representations abroad, and the Western powers failed to establish such

representatione on a state-level at Peking. The terms for trade were also unsatisfactory, and the foreigners demanded further trade opportunities other than those at the five ports.

In such circumstances, the westerners,

particularly the British, at first tried to improve their positions in China by negotiations. This, however, proved to be unsuccessful. Therefore, in the fifties the western powers gradually moved from a policy of negotiation to one of coercion, which finally led to the outbreak of the Second China War.

The Treaties of Tientsin with Britain, France,

the United States and Russia ended the first part of the Second War in 1858. Eleven more ports were opened to foreign trade and China permitted legations at Peking and trade and Christian missions in the interior. In the following two years, new conflicts arase which led to further military activities, another defeat for China, as well as the ultimate

ssifications of the Tientsin Treaties and the conclusion of the Peking Convention in 1850. These documents confirmed the treaties of 1858, increased their indemnities and added certain other concessions,

This second treaty settlement of 1858-60, combined with tariff negotiations concluded at Shanghai in 1858, had the general effect of opening. the whole Chinese Empire to western contact. The Western position in China was consolidated and secured. And it was because of this reason that the western powers became after 1860 interested in and concerned with the preservation of the Ching Dynasty, and, in sharp contrast to the pre-war years, moved r from their policy of coarcion to one of cooperation. with the dynasty.

So far we have been discussing from the

atandpoint of the Western powers, it is time for us to turn over attention to the Chinese side of the matter. Generally speaking, despite the conclusion of the treaties in 1842-44, the attitude of China towards the outside would showed little change. She tended to regard her recent defeat as an accident and the treaty settlement as something temporary and to be done away. Her pride and sense of superiority, though hurt remained intact, and she continued her traditional distrust of and hostility to foreigners and foreign things. Even the treaties of 1844 came out only as a result of the traditionel concept of playing one barbarien state against the other. This is the reason why she did not fear war, why she broke some her promises stated in the treaties, and why she refused to settle her disputes with the Western powers by negotiations.

However, after her repeated defeats in 1857- 1860, China began to show a real change in her attitude towards the West, though slowly and reluctantly. The establish it of the Tsungli-Yamen, the adoption of western techniques in the Self Strengthening Movement, her cautions policy in lealing with the West etc, all showed her effort in readjusting her traditional values end her position. in the international scene. China really began to inter the family of nations and to modify her traditional sense of superiority.

The results of the two wars may further be viewed from a wider perspective, and be assessed in the light of their impact on the Chinese society as a whole. With the partial opening of China after the First War, western influence began to enter China. However, since contact with foreign ideas wap only confined to the marginal sea-frontier, and since the Chinese mind were too tradition-bound, Western challenges failed to touch the inner parts of China or to stimulate any sort of strong response from the Chinese. The Chinese Society remained the same as it was before the war,

After the Second War, as a result of the complete opening of China, increasing contact between the Chinese people and western influence brought in by traders and missionaries, by became possible. Such circumstances, coupled with the changing Chinese attitude towards the west, allowed western ideas and influences to develop into a force that would help shape Chinese thought and society. It is indeed not too much to say that, after 1860, all aspects of China a hostorical development were more or lesɛ affected by western influences.

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Here we mist be aware that we are contrasting the short-term or immediate effects of the First War with the long-term, or for-reaching effects of) the Second War. In fact, the results of these two vara should not be regarded as contradictory, but as a consistent development of a single trend of vents, and the Second War was nothing more than a consummation to the beginning that was made in! the First War.

Questions for next week:

what were the causes. of the Self-strengthening] Movement? Why did the movement fail?

What were the circumstances that brought about the "Hundred Days Reforms"? How far were they

successful·2··