1969-11-21 — Page 22

育教僑華頁二張六第 =+=+==PRO WAH KILL YAT PO

10英文中學會考試題預習專欄

堅道英文書院主編

三)

歷史科

'HISTORY (3)*

What were the domestic problems facing the Tsarist Government between 1904-1914? What measures did it take to solve them?

The decade before the First World War in Russia witnessed an attempt at constitutional government and an early period of industrialization.. These attempts at westernization and modernization. only served to strike a gearing contrast with the autocratic and conservative nature of the Tzarist regime as well as the economic and social backward- ness of Russia. Already in 1905, at the defeat of the Russian army by the Japanese, the workers and many people of the middle and professional classes joined the strike movement called by the social Democrats. There were concessions made by the Tzariet Government but they were only temporary measures and. the domestic problems remained largely unsolved till the Russian Revolution.

The October Manifesto and the formation of tha First Duna at first raised a ray of hope among the liberals. Instead of resorting to terroristic acta and underground activities as in the past, the liberals hoped that a gradual transformation of Russia through a constitutional government could be achieved. However, they were bitterly disappointed. The Duma was doprived of power to control the budget, of power over army and navy and foreign affairs.. Moreover, under Article. 87 of the Fundamental Laws, the Crown had the power to issue decrees when the legislature was not in session, although the decrees had to be validated later when it was again mesting. Besides, the procedure for electing the Duma was made indirect and the voting was weighted heavily in favour of landowners and wealthy-townsmen against peasants and workers. Finally, an upper House, the council of State, half appointed by the crown, would serve d a cheek upon the people's representatives in the Duma. Indeed, the very conservative and autocratio nature of the Tzarist Government. Manifested itself when the First Duna was dissolved as its members proposed to pass a land measure, Likewise the Second Duma was dissolved when the Government did not want to pass a moderate agrarian b101 and a new election was even promulgated without the consent of the legislature. Of all the four Dumas, only the Third Duma was able to last out, ita full five-year term because of its conservative nature, Seeing the unwillingness of the Tzarist Government to reform, the liberals gave up their idea of reform through a constititutional government, and resorted to terroristio acts and revolutionary moane to overthrow the Azarist regime.

The peasants represented yet another source of trouble. The meagre living conditions of the peasants were not alleviated after 1905 but kept very much alive by heavy taxaa, redemption dues upon their land, the upsurge of population and their unproductive way of farming. Instead of adopting a more scientific way of farming to improve production, the ignorant Russian peasants only clamoured for more land at the expense of the great landlords. To satisfy the peasants, the Cadets proposed to compel the landowners to cede much of their land to the peasants for moderate compensation at the First Duna but it was strongly opposed by the Tzar and the aristocrata. Nothing was done to satisfy this constant demand for the land of the nobility, Instead, in 1910, the Dima passed Stolypin's measure for giving the peasant individual ownership of his laad by breaking up the village commune. This measure which might well have enabled some of the peasants to prosper through individual iniative actually accomplished very little because of the shortness of time for it to take effect and the bulk of peasants remained perpetually poor, therefore, a potential revolutionary force.

While the agrarian sector was a liability (rather than an asset to the country, the rapid pace of industrialization which was largely financed by capital borrowed from France did not yield an appreciable amount of profit. The poverty of the workers and peasants restricted internal market and hindered trade. In fact, tha tzardon financed its colossal war expenditure in 1914 partly from its large gold reserves and partly from extensive foreign 1oans. It was bankrupt before 1917.

But equally significant was the massive * growth of workere in Russia after industrialization. The workers found that their lot improved little in spite of boom times in industry after 1909 and they still suffered from the chronic problems of long working hours, low pay and harsh treatment by employers. While social, legislation passed by the Dumas failed to mollify them, they were particularly proved to the influences of various marxist, Bocialist. and revolutionary groups such as the Social Revolutionaries and the Bolsheviks. In short, the workers represented an important dimension of threat to the Tzarist Government.

While revolutionary forces were mounting in power, the national movements of minor races in Russia gathered strength. The Foles, the Ukrani ang, the Lithuaniane, the Finns, the Armenians and the Jews resented the intense policy of Russification and adopted terrorist actions. The decade before the First World War was, therefore, marked by an increasing scale of opposition composed on workers, peasants, Liberals and people from the middle and professional classes as well as nationals from various minor races in Russia. While the Tzar was still indulged in the dream of maintaining absoluts control in Russia, it was not a question whether Tevolution would occur or not but when the revolution would break out!.

報日僑華

2. Explain how far the Triple Alliance and its

conaeque nces helped cause the First World War.

The formation of the Dual Alliance, 1879, and) the Triple Alliance, 1882 inangurated a new era in the diplomatic history of Europe for by 1907, Europe was virtually divided into two opposing campe - the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente. This system" of alliances, argued by some historians, was one of the major causes of the First World War was the Triple Alliance, then, the starting point of the Great War in 19142

The Triple Alliance was interded by Bismarckį. first and last, a defensive alliance. It was concluded between Germany, Austria, and Italy in 1882. Ite main terms were that both other powers would support. Italy if she were attacked without provocation by France, Italy in return was pledged to support either of her allies only if it were attacked by two or more great powers but would aid Germany if she were attacked by France alone. Taking that Britain would still maintain her traditional..

policy of "Splendid Isolation Bismarck succeeded tolj.

isolate France when Russia was drawn to the side of Germany after the Secret Reinsurance Treaty had been: been: concluded the Triple Alliance undoubtedly created fear among the French and its existence upset the balance of power in Europe. The very logic of the situation demanded the formation of another alliance tem to, counter-balance the Triple Alliance as the laok of precise knowledge of the Triple Alliance intensified fears and stimulated other powers in their] incessant search for allies. However, there were also other factors which contributed to the formation of the Triple Entente.

After 1890, the successors of Bismarck abandoned the careful delicacy of his diplomacy. They allowed the Reinsurance Treaty to lapse. Faced with the obvious danger of the German-austrian alliance, Russia became more responsive to French. overtures, the more so as she urgently needed French Loans. At the end of 1893, Russia and France signed a military convention in which each side pledged aupport when attacked by a third power. The blunderang German diplomacy was repeated when Kaiser sent a telegram to encourage Kruger during the Boer War and turned down, later, the British overture for an alliance with Germany. The naval lawd of 1898 una 1900 further provaked the naval rivalry between Germany and Britain, thereby driving Britain closer to France. The result was the 1904 "entente cordiale" The colonial rivalry between Germany and France and Britain, strangely also helped to consolidate and tighten the tie between France and Britain. During the donference of Algeciras, 1906 and the Second Moroccan Crisis, 1911 Britain stood firm on the side of France and thwarted the Kaiser attempt to break the entente. The Triple Entente yas finally brougat to its logical conclusion in 1907 after an

understanding had been reached between Russia and Britain over Persia and after Britain had received the assurance from her ally, Japan in 1985 that Russia could be checked in the Far East, The Triple Entente was therefore, not entirely a direct ma

response to the Triple Alliance but rather a diplomatic alliance shaped by the naval rivalry between Germany and Britain, the colonial rivalry of the great powers and above all the blundering Germany diplomacy after Bismarck, By 1907, then, the greater European powers had grouped themselves into two blocs, Neither, it must be emphasized, was constructed as a preparation for war. Both ware attempts to prevent war by appearing to strongly embattled with allies that the other would not dare to launch an attack..

The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 was largely the result of a clash between Pan Germanism and Pan-Slavisa. The rise of Serbia after the Second Balkan War challenged the position of Austria, The Austrians wanted to gain a continuous

territory across the peninsula from the adriatic to the Algean Sea, and for this purpose Serbia, who stood directly in their path, would have to be conquered. Besides, the national movement in Serbia had to be suppressed otherwise it would eventually lead to other national movements inside ▲ustria, hence, the disintegration of the Habsburg Monarchy. For Russia, it was necessary to support Serbia for she would not stand another humiliation from the Germans again as she had suffered during the Fizet Balkan War. The result was war.

What turned a war in the Balkan into a world war was the system of Alliances. The relativel strangthe of the great powere and the relationshipa of alliances excluded partial conflicts. The war between Austria and Russia over Serbia in 1914 could not be localized as Austria would be supported by Germany; and Russia, France and England. It was not only a rigid adherence to the terms of the alliances but also an appreciation of the relative strengths of the great powers. Each one had to support her allies in order to pressure the balance of power in Europe for by 1914, the balance of power was 60 evan that only a long war of endurance and exhaustion sould determine superiority.

The rigidity and reliability of the system of alliances which could produce chain reactions among the European countries was undoubtedly fatal to the international situation in 1914. But it was the clashed of nationalism in the Balkan that provoked the War. And, at the same time, one must take into account the colonial rivolry and the armament race of the great powers which sharpened the conflicts of the great, `powers and led to the formation of alliances,

QUESTIONS FOR NEXT WEEKT

1. How did the conditions of trade at Canton affect

Anglo-Chinese

hese relations up to 18397

2. In what ways did the victory of Japan in the

Sino-Japanese War of 1894-5 affect the Far Eastern. policies of the Great Powers up to 19007

五期星日一廿月一十年九六九一圈公年八十五國民華中

▶考試題預習專欄

文中學會

物理科 (3)

A直線運動與牛頓運動定律 LIGINILL

鄧炳恩 ®

1.解砂鷇所有對模均取两位有效獸字

又爽水平方向王作用力毒下, 苯舰体髕甗關蝂運動對加進度為零,

F

MR = 0

=0.50 X 10

= 5.0 (40)

(b)馥向上之作用力高F,且a

F CM60 — 0.50 X (10 - Fam60®) = 0

F (CONGO+ 0.50% fim 60o)

205

·0.50 +0.30X0·17

(提向下之作用力为F工

Fumbo - afox (10+Fam66) =

F (coole – 0.50 × mo 60® ) = 5.0.

30

- 13 D

247, KLUAK******K!

能七加速疫粉元,

RO OT, OR M=0.20.

生物体费

T - J -koya To

10×40×28=

或丁- 78

離物件 3.

60×9,8×01:50 - T

620X60X0.87 X7 I

290

190

T=60α

7-102=600

(1)+(2), a=110/100

= 11 (1/m2)

#XD). T = 28+ 40X14/

¥120(+税)

3.解設所有数摊均取两位有效数字 又设化为物体月之向下加速度, 则士口为物体 B之向上加速度。

T2 = 1⁄2 T --- ()

隔離物体A胗

20×98 - T2-200)

200 - 71 = 20 隔離物体 8.

400

代入の

30×za

-150

=110/55

= 2.0 (***)

T = 200-20X210.

= 160 (451)

T = 320 (HD)

数据均取两位有效数字

#iL & M = 50%

WILMES M=20/17

- * <11> ms=7500174 21 16 m 1500 (7)) 單相鹽復之速度為V 依動量守恒定律,且設所有向

名及向上之向量为正向、

My bis 00036* = {1, +M®) VC008

7500 15.0 – 1500X 20 X 0+87 =(7586 +1500) VCH 26

(2)

我入(1)

af

Ha ha sin 30!,

4/360052" (**)

B功能及功率填-

題

·物体以拿连在光滑平面上滑行,则物体阶 一物侍静予於天花板上,则物体所作之功為

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