1969-06-06 — Page 27

育教僑頁三第張七第日二十月四年西已歷宴

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(續) •佑青 R.K.C.E.E. (English) 1969

HISTORY

Suggested Answers

B1. The period between 1815 and 1830 saw the triumph of conservatism in Europe with the

restoration of the old order. But its strengta in political power became less and less sufficient to rasist the most powerful forces of change the growth of industrialism in the political shapes of liberalien and nationalism.

Liberalism in its continental European sense. during 1815 to 1831 resta on the belief that there should be a more organic and complete relationship between government and the community, between state and Bociety, then existed under the dynastic regimes of the eighteenth century. Instead of government and administration existing above in many respects apart from society- the exclusive affair of kings and their ministers and officials they should reat on the organized consent of at least the most imp.. sections of the community, and they ought to concern. themselves with the interests of the whole community Thus the spearhead of the liberal attacka against faudal rights and clericalist power was the privileged middle and professional classes.

seg under

Liberal

is thus 18 against inequality and arbitrary power. Its most characteristic method was parliamentary government; it sought in constitutional arrangements and in the rule of law a means of expressing middle - class interests and, opinion, a vehicle of social reform, and a safeguard against absolutest government.

A nation may be described as a community of people whose sense of belonging together derives from their belief that they have a common homeland and from experience of common traditions and historical development. But European nationalism in its modern. sense is of the desire of such a community to assert its unity and independence vis-a-vis other communities. or groups. Through the influence of the ideals of the French Revolution, by 1815, nationalism was a lively force in Europe. The countries where nationalist feelings were most vigorous stirred wore Germany and Italy. At first nationalism was a spirit of resistance to the exactions and heavy-fisted domination of foregnere New values was attached to

tradition local institutions, native custome, culture; and national language. The new nationalism in romantic, particularest, exclusive in character The second half of the year 1830 saw. revolutione in France, Belgium, parts of Germany, Italy Switzerland and in Poland. These revolution. were essentially liberal revolte led by broader elements of the wealthy middle classes. They were primarily protests against the rigiditices and

hortcomings of the conservative policies adopted since 1815. A prominent and successful liberal movements a that of the French July Revolution (1830). In 1830, French middle-class liberale and urban forkmen were res tire under the increasing reactionary regime of Charles X, upholder of the drine right of kings. In 1829, indefeance of the legislative he appointed a prime minister a former emigre, Prince Polignao. After repeated votes adverse to thi premier, he dissolved the lower house and called for new elections. But the new election was still hostile to Polignao. On July 26, 1830, he published four arbitrary ordinances which tightened restrictions on news papere, dissolved the newly elected chamber, changed the electoral law so as eleminate most os

o as to the middle-clase voters, and called for new election,

Paris responded immediately wiwa kimea insurrection, and after 3 days of sporadic street, fighting, Charles X aldicated. Thus the "July Days" of 1850 ended the divine-right monarachy in France again. The liberal monarchiste headed by Thiers and Laffitte proposed Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans on the throne. The accession of Louis Philippe finallized the July Revolution. From the start, he tried to win middle-class support and to conciliate republican sentiment. He restored the tricolour and accepted nis) role as a constitutional monarch under the somewhat liberalized charter.

To return to nationalism, one of the landmarks in nationalistic gains between 1815 and 1831 is that of the Greek Revolt and her independence. Greece had long been under the sovereignty of Turkey, Soon after the failure of 1821 under Ypsilanti, there occurred a general Greek revolt to which Turkey replied with severe reprisals, including massacre of Christians. Until 1825, the Greek patriots fought alone. Russia was restrained from helping by Austrian and British pressure. But in 1825, the sultan with the enormous force of Mebemet Ali, Greeks were rushed, and the Greek peninsula swept up and down, with thousands of Christians saved. Indignation in Europe rose. When the sultan in 1827 rejected the request of Great Britain, France and Russia for an armistics, the fleets of the these countries sank and destroyed the Turco- Egyptian navies at navarino. 1828, Tsar Nicholas I declared war on the Ottoman army and the Russian troops fought their way almost to Constantinople and compelled the sultan to sign the Treaty of Adriúdople which recognised the independence of Graace. Despite Metternich, the status few was being seriously impaired nationalism was making significant gains,

B2.

Saint Simon

Saint Simon 18 (1760-1825) 18 among one of the sarly scoialist thinkers. His thought had an idealiatio and emotional flavour, Saint Sigon preached that man must work

and insisted that

property rights must depend on their social utility. Be goined the slogan that was to become so popular

報日僑華

won later 'Hocialism: Irom each suburung

capacity, to each according to his work. But he remained skeptical of democracy and wanted rule by an intellectual aristocracy. His chief influence came after his death in 1825, when e band of his disciples formed a Saint Simonian church, with six- departmental churches throughout France and considerable influence in Germany. St. Simon, like his contemporaries was concerned with the moral values of cooperation among men, the dignity and function of w work, the used for a harmonious society to regenerate mankind. The early socialist thinkers's romanticism and visionary qualities deserved the cabel of

Utopian socialists' ascribed by the marxist. They had a profound influence in the settling discontent of the mass of working people in their day.

b. Louis Blanc (1811-1882)

Louis Blanc is a: more practical-minded socialist thinker who proposed more immediate and conurete. measures to alleviate working class conditions. Blanc was also the chief active agitator of Louis Philipp's reign.

Blane in 1839 published his famous book on the Organization of Labour. He argued that political. reform is the only means to achieve social reform, and that socialiam must be state socialism.

The state must acknowledge and implement the right to work, and must in every other way protect the weak and the poor. As the supreme regulator of.

production the government should, for example, set up 'Bootal workshops in the most important branches of industry, and these will treat their workers fairly and be eventually run democratically by the w workers themselves. In initial competition with private employers they will attract the best workers and in the end will put unscrupulous employers out. of business, defeating them by their own principles of free competition. With Blanc, socialism came nearer

earth and entered more practicable politics. to the His ideas were welcomed with widespread enthusiasm by French workers. Blanc played aprominant role in the revolution of 1848 in Franos,

o. Karl Marx

In the 1830's and 1840's, there had been series of radical protects against the growing capitalism and advancing industrialien of western Burope. In the latter half of the 19th century. radioal protests continued, but on the whole they tended to be swallowed up in Marxian socialism.

The first important production of Harz and Engela was the Communist Manifesto (1848). This was a ringing call to the European labouring class to rise in revolt. In the socialist movement of the last. half of the 19th century, Marr played a multiple role He was its acholar. During his years of exile in London, he formed his 'dialectic method by which it meant for Marx that material conditions molded spiritual forces. Marx expounded a new theory of history, variously called economic determinism'.

historical materialism' and the economia interpretation of history. Fot him, history is but a record of class struggle. Marx prophesised the ultimate destruction of capitalism and triumph of the proletariat. He also felt that the way to achieve the ultimate end of proletariat victory through revolution. In 1864 Marx helped to found an International Workingmen's Association, usually known as the First International. This first international association failed but not the Mariian Socialism. In most European countries, socialist parties were formed and gradually grow. the end of the 1880's these commanded the loyalty of many workmen and some bourgeois intellectuals. The

Semond International* was formed in 1889. However, the real power of socialism rested in the growing Darties within each country..

Both in its regular and irregular forms, the Socialiam of the late 19th century was as thoroughl materialistic as any capitalist. It inisisted that the effective forces in the work were material. It denounced religion as an opiate with which the bourgeois tried to dope the proletiapians. A classless state is the final dream of a Bociety.

Lenin

At the close of the First World War, liberal democracy was the rule in every country of Europe except Russia. Here, it had been promised by the popular revolution of March 1917 which overthrew ti czardom, but the promise was nullified by the coup d'etat and revolution of November 1917 whion inaugur➡ ated a forceful distatorship, called the diotatorship of the proletariat. It was really a dictatorship of i the Bolshevik Communist leader, Lenin. Lenin was the forerunner of other dictatorship, which, whatever their professed principles might be, would copy ite practices.

During the first years of the Soviet rule in Russia an attempt was made to apply the principles of Marxian socialism in thorough-going fashion. Private property was confiscated; debta repudiated; land, mines, and factories nationalised. However, every started in failure resulting in sporadze civil war, famine and breaking down of communication system. In 1921, he proclaimed a 'new economic policy' by which a communistio basis in publio ownership of the major means of production was preserved, and liberal rewards for Russian and foreign technicians were promised, small scale private production and trade permitted, peasants to rent land allowed. The NEP stimulated production, bath agricultural and industrial, and helped Russia to recover from the worst affects of

In a sense, the doctrine of the Bolsheviks embodied in lepin was a revision of Marxism in the direction of accelerating the revolutionary process. For, unlike any of the other seots, Lenin's creation of a disciplined elite gave them a striking power în 1917 out of all proportion to their numbers, which was to enable them to accomplish the second revolution within eight months of the outbreak of the first.

不

五期星 日六月六年九六九一屣公年八十五國民華中

LUSIO NON VUET)

(LA

來證明。

·分黑大前提。媯應戰因怕薄,就它們的

FUREKEK TREGENERA-PK ZEKURI •

KEVCINARK - KOP • LE

這基伲理想被對實際與緻的有目殛越,也開從 ,物的存在尙味證明出來,無露指熱有, 更顯著。因此否定結論。

DECANERCON

SEGE()*KHCEKA

·四、在演繹法的證明中,「果」應「因」

TIUS HOS QUAM PROEMISSOR CONCEPTEKWERKSATEIKI

能催促人們所究天主和接近天主,並堅貞不整的

用的只

的象

法在覺惠

天主

J

PERSAUR KTP TRHE+UTALECHEBEK

服人心的,人心是要求客觀證明剂,它們缺乏客-

成 爲理智商聲的對像,那示計的很多微的了,一定結論。 .觀的肯定,不能添足人們確認的需求。還有,為一天主的存在不能有限物來打群。

·與天主結。傳們效用登蚍发心,別無他用 面講,否定。因此也否定結論。, 一:」、「天主的存在不是以感情爲基礎的生命,主做感物的米了。鋼才荒唐魄。 i並非一定不易的。然而常戀之物,就没心客問是否進入案並給學生抵喂得守。進入機體和投, 們的常會因時、地和其机多變的俄境而轉移一著的事來諾手。比如,某人是否師,可以從他 。如果用,們來證明天主的存在,就不可能後一手。因,有限物並不比天主页早或弱著。所以, * 智寘餘者者能否保性啓示和在性來點嗎?前內。所以如用演法來證明天坐,便把天氣 切美珠(MYSTERIA)也就不算是奧秘了。現因」。顧,天主公然在證明的結論賽,萬物却在 姚惑、古力、善及心苗以及潛在意識等,與之對於因,能推理方面講,附态:就來的性質劣

是天主的存在,他張屬於不可感覺現象的。所以,善態上的定律,非必然畅證明必然物却是因朱哥。 翠並不早於射常。叉,家教是否正常良好,

主翼的,顧,两者河水不犯汗水,彼此沒有返實。因此否 ,可從小孩的邪禮風否見之,小孩也並不比家庭,

MIKER • SAYIZE

書,結論之對於前挺,有如「是」之對於「 答:分解大神提:結論之對於想,有如果 三、所有愛明應從花早的和兢照著的事來導

杏:否定大前題。「結論不能實於前揭」是

小姐入來:

存

否

因

綁賀否在有所定,分物所

?手定不限有。

就

(濃) 孫正培

人類應智的否有對象。但,人意琱智的專有對象 宙開萭號爲非必然物。所以宇宙萬物不能跳那有 ,理智圓方,節該露宇宙萬物;不能證明必然物(天生)。顧,宇

中中會考中文(一)試題

(ANG)

本送分印乙两部:甲部佔七十分,乙部佔三十分。考生可用文言文或器體文寫作。 正清州,並不注意分股及脾些符號。

選作下列一題,必須寫明目。文官文不得少於四百字,黏體义不得少於六百字,

CLEA

(日) 交的感

(三)二個令我略笑皆非的場面

的!

一、「精齧不能置於前提」,因而非必然物。

哲學講題

結論到實障存在的天生。

̇總之,在任何一派來說,直覺論是没有

選作下列一題,必須寫題目或題號。交宮或不得少於一百五十字,需體交不得少於工百学。

(-) REN

完

中中會考中國歷史試題

問就不列括弧內所之三項答網片,將正確答案之英文字母、城於右

•CA.BC- 裝武王大勝,商紀響亡品

2TORE (ABC

3.KLA ERICAS B

4.2. ED›TŘEBRA BEB

深;C、惡安),故合积六胡。

SARAB Z

CA

،資澄海差志猿例略(縮體;B、紀傳體;C、紀事本

體

2.ASKIS (AME BZNG) C

9.COM SALETTE HEAKECA 不帶體方上。

BERBAE

10,现正年明,ICA、岳跳取;R、鄂爾;C.年10

用「改上常流」政策,統治自豪

-)AATAJAATRIA, ALIMZAR•

1.武王滅付,定案於11平王東器,忘卻於B、

2.在欲時代疫先華廟之搭侯爲A;匡助其或剩荣者爲B6

2.B

齊之孟嘗君,魏之A,趙之平原君、後之B,合FT

BA

自后,越王A叙決,暫稱帝說。文帝進B前往安撫,亂

3B

4A

MB

漢武帝為實際進大經費,規定讓、繳及A等發,於各地发展

官、繳暫及B,以拿其事。

5B

6.淡武带採納A之器,表彰六認,體黜百家,獨忌術。

東漢張衡爲蚀田之科學家,發明A 探測天體 艾造! -7A 探测地震

8.曹魏時,採用A之蹤,創立「九品官人」之法,作爲政府用

人授官之挪谀;主持品镇工作,由B負責。

BA

9.忠初中央政權:分由三省負責:A主發合,B掌封胶,尙號 9A

借執行政令。

10.宋代理學,由A始創;迄南宋,則由B果其大成

98.

10 A

10 B

11.宋仁宗慶曆年間,為提供改革政治,上「B疏」作為改革 11A

一標準。

11 B

12.明太自A作反後,卽彍除宰相制定,從此政府六部,由B12A:

ME.

128

13.明萬曆年間,謝穌會A來華傳教,並介紹西方天文、版13.A.

等Ò大臣B及李之不夠之研習:

13 B

14.游初,俄入欲伸及其势力入A流域,故常南下雙掠,後選爲 14A

海兵挫敗,瀠於康第二十八年,興清廷釘,B約。

143

15.澄代考據學有,晚的話之分;臭始於A,皖派則以BE 15A

103

15B

乙

下列甲、乙两阳,各佔五題,考生須選答三題,但於甲、乙两組內,最少須管 #H:

(一)試建四局推行写建制配之原因,並群封建制度之內容 (二)略述憶、漢相爭之幫,並推論羽失敗之原因。

(三)试沙溪武帶之武功。:

(四)武述北魏孝文帝漢化運動之內容,及此項運動對北魏國岞之影響

(我)就述世代「安史之亂」之問及影響。

Z

(*)

遞崛起之翻选、原因及對北宋國勢之影響

(七)試從官制及兵制两方面推論宋代精羽之原因。

(八)贼元代中西文化交流之情況及影響。

:(九)明太祖感網之初,國藝類盛,然自成祖以降,國術獎,來全滅亡,其原因佈在?試分

析之

(十)自順治入關,以迄乾關之世,滿浹結合漢人,採取何種歐無?馘群逃之。