1969-06-05 — Page 27

育教僑華與三第張七第日一廿月四年西巴瑟 WAH KIU YAT PO

英中會考歷史科答案 ·佑青·

佑害

Surgested Answerw

BK.C.E.E, (English) 1969

History.

a. Lord Nalpier'e Mission, 1833.

In 1833, there occurred an important event in the hinstory of the English East India Company: The Moonopoly granted by the Crown was abolished. The British government sent a political and diplomat ic representative to protect the British subjects in China, Lord Napier was the first one. However, his mission was a failure and brought out two import ant issues in the relationship between Great Britain and China. It made clear to the British that force or inevitable conflict must be employed to open the. duor of China. It also raiced the issue of diplomat- ic equality with China.

Lord Napier's mission was bound to fail because his arrival, he violated three important principles of the Chinese way of treating foreigners. He had a approached Canton from Macao without official perai- ssion, attempted to make direct contact with the :Chinese officials and presenting his communication as a letter than "petition. He was refused and he retired and died in Macao in 1834. Not only were the English infuriated, the Chinese in their turn were indignated by the English way of bulsing relat ion not through their traditional tributary system. They forbid trade between the English and Chinese.

The failure of the mission has serious conse quences. It is now clear for the British that force. must be employed to force open the door of China, or there would be inevitable conflict with China if fai trade was to be obtained. Although conflict did not: break out immediately after the mission, it is merely put off by the drifting policy of both the English and Chinese governmenta. Conflict broke out in 1839.

·when both became intolerable of each other. Lord Napier's mission also raised the issue of diplomatic equality, Lord Napier had put forth the demand that the British Crown be equal with the Chinese emperor. Again, though he failed to achieve this end, it is evident that the Chinese would not recognise such equality. He is the first one to raise this issue for previously, the British traders preferred to be treat ed inferior than to lose the valuable and profilable

b. The Arrow Incident: 1856.

The incident that was to bring hostilities between Great Britain and China in 1856 found ita loziein în the Eopcha Arrow Incidaat.es

Daring 1853-1854, southern Chinese rebels were strong in the areas of Canton and Kowloon. The

The Lorcha Arrow, à Chinese owned ships registered in Hong Kong was boarded by Chinese police (Oct. 8, 1856) while lying at anchor in the river at Canton. Twelve of the 14 of the Chinese crew were arrested on charge of piracy. Harry. Parkea, British consul at Canton demanded their release on the ground that it is a British ships. and carrying colonial regietry from Hong Kong, and the Chinese had insulted the British flag and she had been boarded without; communication first. Parkes alao demanded official apology and guarantees for t the future. The prisoners were finally handed over to Purkes but he refused the captives that they were

Rooompanied by no fofficials nor apelogy. Bri tash naval forces then attacked the forts guarding the approach to Canton, The conflict between Britain and China was renewed. With the coinciding French- Chinese conflict, the Anglo-French expedition joined together and started the war generally known as the Second Opium War or the Arrow Nar 1856-60,

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The significance in this incident in the Anglo-Chinese relation is that it is the immediata. cause of the Second Anglo-Chinese War (1856-60), It the relationships between Britain and China is not se critical, or had the First Anglo-Chinese War solved the differences between China and Britain;. the crisis might have been solved through vegotiations. Palmerston, the British Prime Minister," to convinced that the Treaty System formerly set up by the first Opium War would deteriorate in China if not reaffirmed and extended, finally found a causes belli in this incident to subdue Ching to observe the treaty terms

The Imperial, Maritime Custänd

The imperial Maritime Custome Service was organised in 1858 due to the Taiping Rebellion The crisis of the Taiping Rebellion had destroyed tempora mily at Shanghai the power of the Peking goveænment: and threatened likewise the whole treaty structure built by the foreigners, A remarkable istitution emerged the Foreign Inspectorate of Customs. By agreement between the tao-t'af (most important Chinese officials as treaty ports) and the consule of three treaty powers, England, the United State and France, provision was made for appointment of a board of foreign inspectore, for the creation of an adequat custom machinery, and for the regulations that should define the relation of the inspectorate to the tao- tai, the consuls and the commercial public. At first. the appointment power was given to the British consul and the British too wished to contol it. It was a new administration to collect revenues at the treaty porte. The maritime custom Service bears great significance. It aided Chinese efforts at modernisation, forming. a chief link between conservative Feking officialdon and the aggressive foreign merchants, The custom: ensured to Peking a reliable and growing source of new revenue when older sources were unable to meet the expense of the country. The custome revenue paid off the 1860 indemnities of 8 million taels to Britain and France. It also preserved the imperial tariff. against smuggling and corruption. It completed the charting of the China coast. Among all the new. institutions within the old Chinese Empire, the Imperial Maritime Custom service exerted a central: leadership and influence.

d. The Ever Victorious Army

Some have concluded that the Ching dynasty greatly saved from defeat by the Taiping rebele by western aid. To some extent, this is true.

For especially in the final years of the rebellion, the 'Ever Victorious Army had made many victories. over the rebels.

吵 The Ever Victorious Army' de originally a foreign-officered mercenary force at Shanghai. Thia began as a sort of local corps made up of foreign adventurers, paid by Chinese merchabte and led by American Frederick Townsend Ward. When this army was first formed the western powers were still neutral However, the last great outbreak of the rebellion brought Taiping forces to the vicinity of Shanghai in 1862. Britain and France then cooperated with the Ching in defence of the treaty ports of Shanghai, and

Ningpo, Instead of a foreign legion, Ward trained Bmall Chinese force with overturn army, discipline. They won more than a hundred engagement, mainly in the Yangtze Delta and brought them the name of "Ever Victorious Army, plus the weakness of the late Taiping rebellion, the Taiping R ballion:collapsed. The merit of this army to the defeat of the Taiping. rebellion is therefore inmenas,

42.

The formal settlement of the first Anglo-Chinese War was embodies in 2 treaties: the Treaty of Manking "A:ugust 29、1842 and the supplementary Treaty signed

at Bague, October 8, 1843. The term in these treaties were at a great disadvantage to China. For the Treaty:

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of Nanking, the term may be a ummarized as follow. Five ports, Canton, Amoy, Foochow, Ningpo and

Shanghai were opened as 5 trade ports where English merchants iwere enabled to reside and build factorie Consular officers were also appointed to these: posts. The island of Hong Kong was permanently ceded to England. The Chinese Government was to pay the Engliah Government $21,000,000 of which $12,000,000 was for war indemnity, $3,000,000 for the settlement of debts due to British merchants from Hong vi merchants: and $6,000,000 for the destroyed opium, The co-bong was abolished, and Bratash merchants were to trade freely. Correspondence between the chief British representatives and high Chinese officials was to be vermed commins.cation', not *petition', China' also agreed to a uniform and moderate tariff on exports and imports m the 5 per cent advalorem treaty tariff. The terms of the supplementary treaty of the Bogue(1843) added two more. disadvantages to the Chinese empire: Most-favouraßenation Clause and

extraterritoriality.

The Treaty of Nanking (1842) prepared the way for the new order in China's foreign relations, Thia treaty with its supplementary one is of great significance to the History of China. The two treaties contained the basic principles that were to govern China's international status for à century. Later treaties Bigned between China, and other foreign powers were signed under the basic principles of these two, with little alteration until 1943. These 2 treaties were humiliating, signed under the guns of the Great Britain. The Chinese were unable to alter the content. They mark the beginning of the unequal treaties. After then, China could refuse the foreign t powers no mora

The impact of these two treaties can also trasal ay: examining the clauses: of. the treaties, Englian: grievances were all fully adjusted; Hong Kong was obtained and the rate of customs duties fixed by mutual agreement.

zeement. Less of territory, payment of indemnity may be humiliation, but the loss of the the undue restrictions of tariff autonomy was a fatal blow to China. The most feared clause by the Chinese is the adoption of an equal form for official correspondence between the two nations. Their concept, and traditional way of treating foreign nations through the tributary system were shattered. The most favoured nation clause a promise to each power that it would receive whatever previleges China might grant to another had reduced China to a semi- colonial areas for exploitation. The British ... residents, by the Bogue Treaty, were protected under their consul's legal jurisdiction under the clause of extraterritorialaty, The protection offered by western legal procedures covered not only the persons of merchants and missionaries, also their goods and properties. Sometimes, it is even extended in practice to their Chinese servants and assistants... From these estimates, the two treaties were at a great disadvantage to the Chinese. These two treaties were generally known as the "unequal Treaties” and they were the first two of a series of such treaties. The two treaties, however, missed ang important itemi The question of opium was still unsettled although Britain received indemnity for the destroyed opium.

The opiun iesus was to bring another inevitable conflict between the two nations, as, expressed as a grievance in the Second Anglo-Chinese War

The Treaty of Nanking (1842) had ended the old Chinese system of dealing with the foreigners through. the Co-hong and the factories at Canton. No formal official Chinese foreign relations were built we after. The aigning of the tregtiea: until the establishment of the Tsungid Yamen in 1861 and the opening of

Peking to residence of ministera of the treaty powera. The years from 1841 to 1861 were a formative stage in China's foreign affairs. Thus the old system of -China's wayn of foreign intercoast was destroyed.

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