1969-05-02 — Page 15

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歷史科 (廿六)

HISTORY (26)

Explain the rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party in! Jermany.

The end of the Great War found Germany exhausted and impoverished. The bitter passions aroused by four

die down, and long years of atruggle were slow

Germany was made to bear full responsibility for the War. A huge indemnity was imposed on her, but it was uncertain whether she could pay. Her resources had either been destroyed or confiscated. For example, her important industrial areas of Alsace and Lorraine wers in French bands; her colonies had been divided among the victors; her merchant navy impounded. When she asked that she be allowed to postpone the payments for two years, her request was turned aumayi and France immediately pocupied the Buhr valley. Germany went on strike against the French action;. the German mark fell alarmingly in value. She was on the verge of bankruptcy, and only then did the allie realize that it was to their interest to settle the reparationa problem quickly.

Between 1924-1929, better relations between Germany and her conquerors were established through the efforts of her foreign minister Stresemann. In this period, she regained the friendship of France, and was admitted into the League of Nations in 1926. But this period did not last long, for the world was hit by the Great Depression in 1929, and Germany found herself once again facing economic ruin. Unemployment figures leaped to six million. Communism spread and frightened the meddle classes. This discontent, together with the political grievances in the country; provided an opportunity for the National Socialist Party, the Nazis, to rise to_power.

an

Bazı rarty. Was rounded in 1921 by a small group in Munich. A few months after its establishment Adolf Hitler became its president, Hitler was Austrian of middle class parents. He worked for a time as a eign-painter ir Vienna, joined the German army in 1914; and rose to the rank of corporal. By

11 accounts, be was obsessed by a sense of his ow. power and destiny, and at the same time, felt the intenas frustrations of his mediocre life - feeling from which a fanatical power of hatred teveloped.

In the troubled state of Germany after 1918, fitler and his party was able to gain rapid advance- ment. His main line of propaganda at this time was. denunciation of the Versailles Treaty and the 'traitors', by which he meant the Jews, Communists, Bócialists and others. During the course of his jareer, he was constantly to harp on the fact that sno above groups of people had betrayed Germany. In the early years, Hitler and his party directed their efforts against Stresepam and his policy. The Na21- denounced Stresemann's negotiations with France and bis willingness to pay the indemnity. In 1923, Hitle. attempted to overthrow the Republic. He brought out- bis followera, in Munich and proclaimed himself, the president. This attempt failed, and the lenient republic imprisoned him. During his incarceration,

- ha pagan work on his 'Main Aampi ky suruggie),

became the Nazi Bible. In the Main Kampf, he outlined His policy. Ho disavowed the Geruan responsibility for the War he called for an end of reparations- paymentsį, the rearming of the German nation; the recovery of the lost Germany colonies and the reunion with- Jernany of all territories in Europe which were Inhabited by people of the German race - the abrogation, in fact, of every factor of the VersALLIUM, freaty which might be regarded as in any way

humiliating to Germany together with the fullest possible restoration of her status as a great power.j Such a policy at such time in Germany was irresistible to the country, and when the world @conomic depression hit Germany, Hitler was able to make full use of the discontent.”

tanemann died in 1929. In that year, the Nazı! party increased their membership in the Assembly. Ir 1932, Hitler stood against Hindenburg for the (presidence, and be polled 11 million votes as against Hindenburg's 18 million. After further intense Tasi dampaigns in the country, Hindenburg agreed to make · Hitler his Chancellor in 1933. The Nazis now prepared for another general election, and (preparations included reign of terror against their

spponents by Nazi Storm Troopers, When the Reichsta, Building,suddenly burnt down, the crime was blamed

Lata. Communist leaders were

CITY HALL

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immediately arrested. Socialist and communist papers, were suppressed, and brutal attacks on the Jew began. In these conditions, the elections were held. and the Nazis gained a bare majority. They were dissatisfied with this, and stepped up their campaign of violence against their opponents. A savage purge took place in 1934, after which riva parties voluntarily dissolved themselves. Hitler was voted full powers of the Chancellorship and when Hindenburg died in 1934, Hitler combined the offices of the president and the chancellor in his Derson. After this, his authority was unchallenged.

The Nazi party gained power because they ruthlessly exploited the sufferings of the German people. But it must be remembered that their

programmes gained great support from a large section of the nation. This was particularly the case with large numbers of the middle class--professional people, tradesmen, civil servanta and the white collar workers who had been ruined by the collap of the Germany currency in 1923, and were facing another economic disaster in 1929. The middle class was also swayed by Hitler's anti-Communiam, for Communism meant the dictatorship of the working class, the end of capitalism and many of the righta of property. Hitler was also able to appeal to some of the unemployed, who found his promisee of job for everyone very attractive. The big industrialists and capitalists of Germany also saw in Hitler the protection of their interests against Communisi and Socialism. Army leaders sympathized with his demanda for a full rearmanent of Germany_and

abolition of the Treaty of Versailles. It must also be borne in mind that Hitler was the most powerful orator the 20th century has produced. His effect on his listeners was hypnotic, and he exercised this power over them to arouse their national feelings exploit their grievances.

2. How do you account for the rise of Fascism in

Italy?

Although Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance, yet she had deserted her allies and joined England and France in 1915 when she was promised Trentino, Trieste, Istrai and North Dalmatia.

During the war had lost 600,000 men, and had accumul- ated a large war debt. But at the Peace Conference after the war, there was a general feeling among the Italiana that their territorial claims had not been

Istria fully met. She received Trentino, Trieste, and part of German Tryol, but she did not receive Dalmatia, or colonies in Africa and Asia. The important port of Fiune on the Adriatic coast had been handed over to_Yugoslavia to give her_access v

the sea. And Yugoslavia was understandably anwilling to give up Piume. In 1919, an Italian' patriot D'Annunzio, with 1,00 volunteers, seized Fiume, and the weak Italian government was unable to stop him. In the end, however, the two countries reached an agreement. by which Fiume was to become an, independent free city open to the trade of both natione. In 1920, Italian troops expelled D'Annunzio, and this act made the government even more unpopular.

The Italiane directed their discontent with the peace settlement towards their government, and for a time, Communist propaganda made pregress. Strikes occurred. There was large scale unemploymen in northern Italy; currency depreciated in valde, and prices began to rise. The deplorable conditions in the country led to the development of the Fascist movement, in opposition to the Communista,

The Fascist Party was founded by Benito Mussolini in 1919. Mussolini was born in 1883, the son of a blacksmith. From his youth, he had held extreme political views, and he was the editor of socialist newspaper. At the outbreak of the Great War, Mussolini had urged his fellow socialists tol enter the war on the side of the allien. The socialiste, however, disliked this extreme patriotis and refused to support him. In anger, Hussolini left the party. When Italy finally entered the war... Mussolini served as a private in the Italian army, but was discharged with severe wounds. After the war, he founded the first Fascist Party in Milan. Fascisa is derived from the Italian word fascio, meaning bundles of rods that were settled before ancient Roman magistrates ag a sign of their power. Fascis. party members wore a uniform, from whion came their name of Blackshirts. The aims of this party wers to widen the political franchise, improve worker conditions and have a more vigorous foreign policy. Significantly, they aimed at the revival of the ancient Roman Empire. In 1921, the National Fascist Party was formed..

At that time, there was extreme confusion in the Italian Parliament where a number of political parties were so evenly balanced as to make stable government impossible. The Fasciate decided to sxploit this situation. By 1921 they had gained co seats in the Parliament and they demanded positions in the government. When this demand was refused, the Fascists from all parts of Italy took part in the March on Rome* (1922) led by Mussolini. They seized all the key points of communication and public services in the city, thus paralysing it. King Victor Emmanuel III and the army refused to oppose them, and the King even asked Mussolini to form a ministry

t first, Mussolini cooperated with the over parties, but the campaign against the Socialista. continued. In 1924, the leader of the Socialist party, Matteotti, was murdered by Fasciste. Then avente led to a tremendous_outory_against_the,

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government or mussolini, but he refused to resign." Instead, the increased the intensity of his campaig against the opposition. Opposition newspapers were closed down, anti-Fascista were arrested and sent to exile. University professors were forged to

wear an oath of allegiance to the Fasolat govaramous and to promise that they would teach according to Fascist principles. Thousands more were terràrizad into submission. The result was that in 1929 elections, an all-Fascist parliament was returned. Mussolini'e dictatorship was now complete.

ince secure in their power, the Fascists » developed the theory of totalitarianism. Under a totalitarian regime, the interests of the individual. rera made subordinate to those of the state. The relationship of workers and employers was setablished in a new basis. The old trade unione which had waged independent struggles against the employers for the Improvement of conditions, were not abolished. In the1. place, a system of corporations was sat up in which workers and employers were represented. The worker-. employer corporations were to settle, with the participation of the government and representatives of the Fascist Party, all matters relating to wages, hours of work and other conditions in industry. The Fascists attempted to persude them to put the state before everything else, and therefore strikes by workers and lockouts by employers were now illoga. In 1938 representatives of 22 new industrial and professional corporations replaced parliament altogether, and Italy was governed by an Assembly corporations, Mussolini became the leader (II Duce, and he employed all the old weapons of absolutisa -- secret plices and cansorship of the press, Textbooks, the radio and cinema, also became means to indoctrinate the people of Italy to Mussolini's May of_thinking.'

But Mussolini'#' diotatorship was in some! respects beneficäsl. The adminstration was made moxe efficient, Marshes were drained and turned into farm lands. Public works were undertaken on a great soals and this reduced employment. Brigandage in Naples an Sicily was suppressed. These reforms, together with Mussolini's reorganization of government and society undoubtedly saved Italy from bankruptcy and set har on the road to a sound economy. In 1929, Mussolini/ succeeded to heal the treach between the State and the Church through completion of the Lateran Treaty, The state recognized the Vatican City as being a sovereign state under the Pope. Roman Catholicism · was to be the state religion of Italy, and the Pope was compensated, in each and in bonds, for the loss of his temporal power in areas outside the Vatican City. This was a very great achievement on the part. of Mussolini for he put an end to a dispute which had marred the unification of Italy. The survival.. of his dictatorship for twenty one years can to some extent be attributed to this. reconciliation with the Pope.

AZALER KASKI

sor next weeks,'

1. In what directions did German aggression succeed)

n the years 1933 to 1939*

2. Show how the Peace of Vermafiles completed the

verthrow of the arrangement made at the Congress "of Vienna

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