1969-04-18 — Page 14

五期星日八十月四年九六九一屣公年八十五國民華中青教信获

報日僑華

本年度中學入學試

考生須知

施時

本年度小燕入學試部分試題,首次用多 【至於本科考試之「衛生組知」,現次由考试保局 及新界定試場舉行,詳細時間表樂誌本報, 「下月上日下午一時十五分至四時三十分,在滾水 《特》一九六九年我小學入學拭,靜定期

措施 考生應予注意 行時 均有多項特別

考試開始前及考试

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·英女风卷一、試卷二外,均分擔甲部數乙部 *****N* *SENANCE-CEN

「學(五)七中如將升壓之位時,代考試說 K**-*ENTEGNKRETERIN

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「用,一般事項 ·考生活時必

「夏怡,是邪朗紙上所被指示。(1)生 *()*YEBEURSH°(H)2

我都的西共有人之姓名,及增試頻號,並第一

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馬田装 平二千六百尺之大僕连

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1969

會考試題預習

歴史科 (廿四)

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HISTORY (24)]

Outline the Peace Settlement of 1919. How far, were the seeds of future unrest sown by this Settlem

The Brent war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers, and Germany, who held out the longest finally, surrendered to the Allies on November 11, 1918. The delegates from nations who bad taken part in the War met at Versailles in June, 1919 to draw up the peace treaties. Separate treaties were signed with the defeated' countries, the most important being the Treaty of Versailles with Germany. The Treaty of St. Germain was concluded, with Austria (1919), of Trianon with Hungary (1920)and of Weuilly (1919) with Bulgaria. Turkey was dealt with

by the Treaty of Sevres (1920), the terme later being revised in the Treaty of Lausanne (1923).

The Versailles Conference was dominated from start to finish by threa outstanding personalities, President Woodrow Wilson of the United States i Lloyd George, Prime Minister of Great Britain, and Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France. The Peace of Versailles was in the main the work of these three, statesmen. They had a difficult task. They had to deal with enormous problems, such as the racial complicatione of Central and Eastern Europe, and the question of reparatione. And they had to work an atmosphere which had been poisoned by four long. years of bitter struggle. There were many cries or "Hang the Kaiser" and "Make Germany pay" and it wan the job of the Big Three, to draw up an appropriate settlement. In this they were guided to a certain. extent by the Fourteen Points proposed by Wilson. However, the idealism of Wilson was soon overshadowed. by the extreme demands for revenge of Clemenceru,

The Treaty of Versailles declared Germany guilty or provoking the war. She was to pay almosT" 67 thousand million to be paid in annual installmentaj part to be paid in ships, coal, chemicals, dyestuff and cattle. She had to support an allied army of occupation, and the Rhineland was demilitarized. She. was entirely disarmed: her army, was reduced to 100,000 men and conscription was forbidden. Her navy was reduced to a skeleton fleet. In Europe, whe returned Alsace and Lorraine to France, Silesia, the area of Posen, mostly Polish in population, and Kent Prussia were given to Poland to form an outlet to the Baltic Sea. The city of Danzig at the head of this "Polish-Corridor” was to become an International city under the League of Nations. The Saar Valley, an important coal producing ares, was placed under the League for 15 years, after which a plebescite would be held to decide its future. Denmark received part, of Schleswig, which was mostly Danish in population. German colonies were to be administered by the League, which distributed them equglly among Great Britain, França, Japan, Australia and New Zealand.

By the Treaty of St. Germain with Austria, she was forbidden to enter into any union with Germany, unless with the approval of the powers, Bar army was reduced to 30,000 men and she was to pay part of the reparations, She had to relinguish those parts of her empire whiob were not räcially Austrian, Thus she ceded Bosnia and Herzegovina which joined with Serbia and Montenegro to form the new state of Togoslavia, Bohemia, Moravia and part of Silesia to Czechoslovakia. Galicia became part of Poland, and she also ceded Istria and South Tyrol to Italy, Gone]. were the days when Austria ruled over thirteen different races, and she was stripped of all territory except the purely derman part of her empire, Austria was reduced to a second-rate power, and her total population was only fe aillion, two million of which lived in Vienna. The Treaty of Trianon with Hungary stipulated that she cede..

Crotia to Yugoslavia and Transylvania to Roumania, Hungary and Austria were separated and the Dual Monarchy came to an end.

By the Treaty of Neuilly, Bulgaria ceded 1 land on her western frontier to Yugoslavis, and {western Thrace to Greece. This deprived her of joutlet into the Aegean Sea and she was thus limited to the Black Sea. The Treaty of Sevres was useless, since the Turkish government that signed it was. soon overthrown, But the new government concluded the Treaty of Lausanne with the victors in 1923. The Turks were allowed to retain Adrianople and a small strip of territory north of the Sea of Karmora. Turkish Thrace was ceded to. Grasce, while Roumania gained Transylvania and Besserabia, Palestine and Iraq became League of Nations mandataa administered by Britain while Syria was a League mandate administered by France. In North Africa, Egypt and the Sudan became fully independent of Turkey but under British protection.

In the Baltic, Finland, Lithuania, Eathonia and Latvia all gained their independence from Russia,

The settlement effected by the Peace of Versailles was thus of the most far reaching character. Former political boundaries were obliterated, the defeated countries had to submit to serious reductions of territory and several new states were brought into existence; namely, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and the Baltic republice. Great financial sacrifices were demanded of the defeated countries, and they were required to disarm. Some criticism which has been directed against the Bettlement 18, no doubt, deserved. Germany had surrendered on the understanding that Wilson's Fourteen Foints would be embodied in the peace treaties, but the Fourteen Points were not followed. Gezmeny complained that she had not been fairl7

·

dealt with, with some justification. She was made to bear the whole, responsibility for the war, and the indemnity imposed on her was as heavy as the allies] could make it with any hope of payment. She was, however, in no position to pay as she had lost all her colonies and several of her beat industrial districts such as Alsace-Lorraine to France and the Saar Valley to the League. Her territory had been reduced, and East Prussia was now separated from. the rest of Germany by the Polish Corridor. She naver recognized the international status of the city of Danzig as it was populated largely by Germans. There were other Germans living under alien rule, such as those in the Sudetenland in. Czechoslovaka, in apper Silesia in Poland, and in Mamel in Lithuania, The Treaty of Versailles showed, the vindictive attitude of the victors towards the vanguisbed, and future trouble, particularly from Germany, was inevitable. The powers were to pay for this deliberate humiliation of Germany.

But I criticism 18 levelled at the settlement: praised must also be given to the efforts of the powers in the establishment of League of Nations for the preservation of the peace of the world, The war had been called "a war to end war", and though the critics of the peace used the phracs ironically in calling attention to the flaws in the settlement, it should be remembered that a definite organization was brought into existence to deal with conflicts: that might arise in the future, Although the new organization failed in its task, yet credit must be given to the sincerity of the powers in their attempt to arrange for the settlement of international- disputes in the future on the principles of reason) and justice.

Explain the machinery of the League of Nations What were its verka Baes?

The European War of 1914-1918 was of auch magnitude, its casualties so heavy and the economic disturbances caused by 14 were no profound that Europa Rtatesman felt it was their aored duty to prevent a repetition of such a calamity, The idea of setting up a definite organization for the preservation of world peace had been brought forward. in President Wilson's Fourteen Points, Accordingly

the establishment of. Just such an organization was included in the Peace of Versailles. The independent, nations of the world were invited to accept membership to a League of Nations. It was a device to promote international cooperation and avoid war and it had its headquarters at Geneva in Switzerland, traditionally neutral state.

The main organs of the League were to be an Assembly, a Council and a Secretariat, The Assembly- was to consist of representatives of all rember: states who had only one vote each. All important questions were to be referred to this body, which was to meet every year in Geneva, usually in September, The Council was to consist of the permanent. representatives of each of the five victorious Grast Powers Britain, France, Italy, the United States and Japan. The smaller powers would be represented in the Council in rotation. This council was to meet three times a year, and could be called together in emergencies, The Secrceariat was. a permanent staff of officials which carried out the routine work of the League,

{It was realized by those who joined the League that disputes must arise between nations, and if they were to be settled peacefully, some means of dealing with them must be devised. At the first session of the Assembly it was decided to establish a Permanent Court, of Justice at the Hague, and a number of judges was appointed to it. Disputes between nations might be referred to the Court for settlement in accordance with the principles of international law, and with the provisions of treaties existing between the parties to the dispute.

There was one other body whose activities ware affiliated to those of the League. The International Labour Organization attempted to improve" the

conditions of

workers throughout the world. A Labour

Conference was held each year to which every ARTION sent four delegates representing the government, the employers the employees, The Conference might propose legislation on labour to the various governments. The right of workingmen's union, the 8 hour day, prohibi- tion of child labour and wages sufficient to maintain a reasonable standard of living were principles by. which the Labour Conference was guided.

The obligations of each member were enshrined in the Covenant of the League. Every member promised. to respect the boundaries and independence of every other state. If a dispute should arise between members of the League, they had to submit the sace to arbitration by the World Court, and they were dot] to declare war until three months after the decision: of this court. Should a member refuse to submit to the decision of the Court, and go to war, it was deemed to have committed an act of war against all the other members, and would at once be debarred from all trade and finanotal intercourse with them. This was the famous "Sanctions" clause. In the future the text of treatiss made by members of the Langue was to be put published. Members promised to exchange information on armament programmes, to use their best endeavour to obtain humane labour, conditione in their own countries, and to entrust the League with control of measures against disease, slavery and the opium trade♬ The League also administered mandated territories through a mandatory power, whose duty was to rule with. the benefit and the ultimate independence of the natives in mind. These mandates were territories which had been captured by the allies such as the German colonies in Africa or parts of the Turkish Empire. These territories were not restored to their formar ownere, but placed under the protection of one of the Great Powers, who had to give an account of 108 stewardship to the League of Nations. Thus Palestine became a mandate of Great Britain and Syria a mandate of Franos.

Valuable work was done by the League in sons directions. The influence of the League was used for the suppression of alavery and the traffic in dangerous druge. Technical commissions dealt with anternational communications, finance, economie problems and public health. The League was able to settle a dispute between Gresco and Italy in 1923. and Greece and Bulgaras in 1925. The League organi cod repatriation of displaced persons and refugees in Europe. It raised loans from its members to assist the economic recovery of Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria, But in many other respecta, the League failed to attain its objectives. It failed to sattle the. quastion of disermanent, although two ConferenceE were held, in 1923 and again in 1932. If failed to come to & Batisfactory solution over Japan's aggression of China in the 1930's and although 15 condemned the Italian invasion of Abyssinia in 1935 and applied sanction on the offending country, yet this was generally ignored by the member countries. Both Japan and Italy left the League in 1933 and 1936 respectively.

The later history of the League is a tale of hesitancy helf-hearted action ad declining prestige. For this several reasons must be suggested, In the first place, the League was based upon an idealism for which the world was not ready. The idea of a world brotherhood was noble and praisworthy but whenever. these ideals conflicted with national interests, they were brushed aside. The ory of "national honour was treated as sufficient ground for disregarding the most solemn international agreements,

The League, was further weakened by the withdra- wal or non-participation of several great powers. Although the idea of the League bad first been. suggested by President Wilson, the United States was not a member. The American Congress wished to abide by the Monroe Doctrine and remain aloof from European affairs. Germany, being a defested country, was not admitted until 1925, Russia until 1934.4. Thus in the first years of its life, when it needed support moạt, three major powers were not members. The League was further weakened by the withdrawal of Japan and Italy, and aside from Great Britain and France, the member notions were mainly minor powers, Member nations were reluctant to act up to their obligations. In times of crises they were unwilling to apply sanctions on countries with whom they bad; long been in Alliance, The League had no means of enforcing its decisions as it lacked police military forces, and great powers often simply ignored, the League whenever its decisions conflicted. with their national interests. It could only compel emall countries to keep the peace as in the case of Graece and Bulgaria, but it hesitated to act against

the great powers such as Japan and Italy.

and

One other reason for the League's failure was N in the very character of the peace settlement itself. Its hershness and vindictiveness towards the defeated powers was bound to engender future problems with which the League was ill-equipped to deal, Statesmen and common people alike lost faith in the League and the outbreak of the great war in 1939 was the mark of its final failure,"

·Questions for next week:

1. To what extent the Fourteen Foints of President

Waleon were applied in the Peace Treaties?

What were the effects of the war apon Europe between 1919 and 19397.