1969-04-04 — Page 24

買四兼張六第 日八十月二年巴

WAH KIU YAT PO

1969 FUNZ

歷史科

(+)

佑害

ISTORY (22)

What was the importance of Africa to the Great Powers after 18707 low dia this affect international relationship?)

Europe

in the latter half of the 19th century saw important changes in various fields The Industrial Revolution, sparked off by Britain, brought most European coun- tries into an age of industrialization, during which better and much larger amount of goods were produced. Competition within European markets became so keen that more overseas outlets were highly desirable. Industrializa tion also meant a larger demand of raw materials for the new industries and as the economic resources of the Continent were limited, AX Europe was becoming more and more dependent on the outside world for the supply of raw materials In parallel to industrial advance- ments, science and medicine also took great. strides forward, the result of which was a rapid increase in population.' Due to the population growth, emigration became the rule The outward movement of people from Europe was not desirable to the European countries as it pointed to a decrease in government income In sum, three distinct problems Stood, out. It appeared at the time that the only solution to these problems was the acquisition of colonies, over which the home government had complete political and economic control.

As travel became Frequent and communica- tions bettered, more "virgin" lands were discovered by the chivalrous explorerS Missionaries, traders and settlers soon foll- owed their tracks and penetrated the new lands. Much of these efforts were in the direction. of Africa which offered great promises to European Powers who charted and divided the Continent among themselves from 1850 onwards At the start, these were done under a friendly atmosphere. But when there was no more land to be partitioned, conflict naturally came.

In 1870, only a few patches of the coast, line of Africa were European. Cape Colony had already fallen into English hands during the Napoleonic Wars. Through money and diplo macy, England was able to secure control of the Suez Canal in 1875. In 1881, she had se up a virtual protectorate over Egypt. French interest in Egypt was, however, still present, But she was able to compensate for her loss of Egypt by acquiring Tunis in 1881. Never. theless, this action had the unfortunate result of antagonising italy who was also interested in Tunis Italy later joined hand with Germany and Austria to form the Triple Alliance

In 1898 occurred a dangerous inciaemt Fashoda in the Sudan, when British and French soldiers faced each other for several weeks with great tension, during which the possibil ity of war was voiced by both governments. Eventually war was averted when the French fretired.

Before 1880, Bismarck was not interested

in securing colonies for Germany. His concern was to avoid involving Germany in disputes with other European Powers. But the pressur exerted on him by German businessmen in the 1880's had the effect of making Bismarck agree to acquiring colonies. In 1884, a conference was called at Berlin with the purpose of setting up, "spheres of influence" in Africe

for the Powers. This was on the whole carried out in a friendly atmosphere. The acquisition. of Southeast Africa, Togoland, Tanganyika and German East Africa marked the beginning of Germany's involvement in the colonial race

As years lapsed, the friendly competition for colonies was turned into a bitter one. In 1899, the Boers War broke out between England and the Boers. To the folly of the German Kaiser, a telegram was sent to President. Kruger of the Boers congratulating him on his Success in repulsing the Jameson Paid. As a result, England was alienated and she thought. seriously of her isolation" in Europe. She

decided that she must make friends with some of the European countries. Her first step was to achieve a better understanding with France. In 1904, the Entente Cordiale was arrived at between England and France. Ry this, France recognized English control over Egypt. In return, France was given a free hand in Morocco. As soon as this Entente was made known, Germany protested. The Kaiser even paid a visit to Tangier, where he vowed to protect the independence of Morocco. In 1906, the Algeciras Conference was duly hel but the Kaiser was defeated in his purpose, as France and England, supported by France, held firm

A second crisis broke out over Morocco In 1913, when a revolution had caused the Sultan to ask for French help and a French. army had been despatched The German Kaiser protested by saying that this action was not daline with the agreements reached in,

郭日僑華

五期星日四ㄋ四年九六九一艇公年八十五圃民望中育教低章

Algeciras in 1906 When the French army occupied the Moroccan capitel, Germany sent a gunboat, "the Panther", to Agadir to protect German interests there. Fngland took a very

serious view of the matter and she threatened. Germany to war. As Germany was not fully

the result was that she with prepared for war, drew. The tension was thus eased for the time) being.

Italy was another European country who had tremendous interest in Africa Being defeated in her attempt to acquire Tunis in 1881, she turned her attention to Abyssinia However, her intention towards Abyssinia was seriously thwarted in 1896 when Abyssiniaa triumphed over her at Adowa. The Italians then developed interest in Tripoli, Taking advantage of the Moroccan Crisis, Italy attacked Turkey and within a year overran Tripoli. The Triple Alliance was very much weakened by this as Germany had always wanted, to acquire Tripoli. Besides, Turkey was a centre of German patronage and commercial development.

The African question had several times. nearly caused a general European war. But so far, it had been averted. However the European Powers were only preparing for the day when the outbreak of war was inevitable.

What attempts were made to prevent war and improve international relationship before 19147.

Efforts at preventing war and improving International relationships were most obvious. after the days of Napoleon. The Congress System was a good example. This System had achieved little; nevertheless, it must be noted that there was no general European war from 1815 1854. Wars were by no means, absent during the period but they rarely involved more than two countries. In a word, they were] a large extent localized. The Treaty of

San Stephano in 1878 had almost dragged the European countries to war. However, it was averted by the Congress of Berlin. Hereafter, European countries were moving towards the day) when diplomacy and arbitration were no longer effective to settle their difference

From 1870 onwards, diplomatic activities) had resulted in the formation of two armed camps the Triple Alliance, comprising of Germany, Austria and Italy, and the Triple Entente, composing of England, France and Russia. War fever mounted up to such a degree that the member nations of the two camps were trying strenuously to arm themselves up in the race for armaments. Rivalry in naval armaments developed at the same time. England and Germany, in particular, were competing with! each other in the building of dreadnoughts, a new type of battleships which could carry heavy armaments. Germany was also very keen in launching on experiments for the making of aircrafts:

The race for armaments we not only con stituted a menace to Enternational security but also a heavy financial burden to nations who took part in the race. Amidst. this state of chronic disturbance, Czar Nicholas 11 of Russia invited the sovereign states to send

representatives to a conference at the Haguer with the purpose of checking the race for armaments and maintaining international peace. The Conference was held in May 1899. A11AV European nations were represented and even the United States and lapan took part. When Russia proposed that there should be no increase of expenditure on the army and the navy for a period of five years, the German delegates raised their objection, Saying that their country was suffering no financial burden. Furthermore, they held that England's willing ness to stabilize naval armaments at the exist ing levels was simply a device to secure a permanent German inferiority. The haughty attitude of the German delegates prevented further discussion and thus the Conference achieved iftle. Nevertheless, the Conference did succeed to a certain degree in making future wars less cruel by banning the use of poisoned bullets soft nosed bullets, asphyx iating gas, etc. The tribunal at the Hague. was established as a regular one, to which

might be referred

future international rulle verl

In 1907, the Czar, at the suggestion of President Roosevelt, summoned a second con- ference in which forty four nations were represented. This second Hague Conference

got

no further. A few more rules were adopted) to make war more humane, and the machinery of the Hague Tribunal was improved but no agree- ment was reached on the main issue of disarm- ament.

With all the European Powers dividing\.|| into two hostile camps and each one having tremendous ambitions in the Balkans, the Near Bast, the Far East, and Africa, conflicts. between them were only too natural. In fact,y the last decade before the outbreak of the Great War, serious conflicts broke out several times, each time the outbreak of a general European war was imminent.

(排第六第一页)

一九六九

輝中學入學試題顧腎

物理科 (廿二)

陸永燁

17.C

18. C)

17.墨水能平打值21元,同機的愿水筆打半,其價值是(P)21元×(Q)21元×

0.5 CR 60% CS 487 (T)587 18.酵健甜橙36,付銀元8萬,現每實證5磅,應付鑽CP)245元,218元,

5 (R) 15 (S)4789×— ! (T)AZAM >= 0.

19.工人30入90日能完成的工作,現今买45日完工,需增加工人(P)60入(Q)30人, 19. C (R)15A) OŚ )45A 7 ( T ) 90% • * . 20、甲乙两人同時同地同向出發,甲乙的速度比是3∶2,若乙行丁里,則甲比乙多行

3

3 (P)60×— (Q 360 - (R) 60+50 CS360x C-

2

5

(7)60 × (14)

21.奘廳存有粮食~总共30天48日用,若波少10人,則存滨可供日概念,

30

30

10

10:

30

.20

(E) 48 (1—~~~).

22.將一维持不分粒50人,每人可得10元,若分船30人,則每入$得(A)10—元*

30 (B)10-(--) { (CD10-x;

[2]) 50

50

50

• CD) 10-SEX-

23,工人4人於10日內完成某工程的一,今用工人6人,則你下的工程所需的日數應為

20. C

21. C

22.C.

. ( A ) 102 × -- ! ( B ) 105 X-1 (C) 103 × (+1) 1 (D) 108 × (−−1)

24,8人10天能完成的工程,現需提前2天完成,則需增加工人(A) 820161

10

( C ) 3 A × ( − − 1 ) » (D) JA× (1−− ) » ( E )8A× ( − +1) •

10 25.茶水池,有同脚大小的三條入水管,若祗開一管,需時12分鐘才可將他水注滿,

三開,我一池(A)12分钟×(一午11 (B)12分饿X(1

1

CC 2125× (1+− ) ) ( D ) 125×-> (E )129MX-

單章平均時行10年,步行平均每小時2

10

合單車50分鐘所完成的旅程,

P50× 1 (Q) 50 (2+) · (R) 50

-10

2

27.某人以照小時4題之遠,用5小時行一段路,若以3小時行宄道段陷,期遞準應难

3

24. C

(T)4x (+1) •

28.一件工程18人做,50天可成,今少了8人做,完成此工程需磅(P)80日,

CQ) 120 (R90s) 100 (T)85HME

370 29.某嬷泳池,有大小同標的四條入水管,若四管應器,66分確將游泳池往浦,今

三質,更注滿潢泳池加時(1)4分鐘(Q)2分鐘:(B)3分鐘($)8分鐘!

(T)-105ẠN

29%C

30,申然天儲满10元,從90天之和以將所書的玆識架視機,9欲30天的儲器便

HERE› SEZETET(R) 30TH (Q)2052 + (407) (8):507

CT) 45

30. C 註:凡個大之有一八號者,均為近年中學入學試題目。 上期認識:萩習題第5題「得利总共288元」應作「得利息共289元,年利186」第28版

(P) 135013105 上期練習答案

3

; (1) 75076 3 (2) 205 (3) 2012 | (4) 4% ? (5) 3-4) (6) 90073

(7):60056 1 ( 8 ) 9925 (9475052 (10) 1500072 (110.25% (12) 2512.57 13-9.15000 ( 14 ) 59% - ( 15 ) 229.57; (16) R (17) S (18) S (19) P (20) R (21) B (22) E (23) B (24) A (25) B (26) 8 Y (27) 0.

(28) P (29) R (30) P

本欄逢星期一、三、五刊出)

In 1905, such a conflict occurred over Morocco. France was given a free hand in Morocco by England in 1904 but Germany was not willing to see Morocco swallowed up by France Morocco was constantly convulsed by civil war and France just as constantly intervened and soon began to treat the country as her DTO-

tectorate. Suddenly Germany protested loudly that the status of orecco as an independent state should not be changed without her consent and asked for an international conference to settle the Moroccan question. France finally agreed to such a conference at Algeciras. But the Algeciras Conference proved to be a diplo matic success for France, as she was strongly supported by England and Russia. War was thus averted in 1905.

The attempts at maintaining the peace and security of Europe by peaceful arbitration at international conferences broke down for seven years since the calling of the second Hague Conference. But on the eve of the Great War, a final attempt was made to settle the Austro- Serbian dispute through the Hague Tribunal. But it was far too late, as the views of the European countries could never be reconciled. War finally broke out in 1914..

Questions for next week

23

Why did the World War of 1915-1918] begin in the Balkan peninsula?)

What were the main causes of the ferman defeat in the Great Far?