1969-03-28 — Page 23

REFEREN

育教僑華 頁三第張六第日一十月二年酉己靥夏

AH KIU YAT PO

報日僑華

28 MAR 1969

CIT

1969 472

歷史科

佑

HISTORY (21)

Describe the circumstances that led to the formation of the Alliances in Europe between 1870 to 1907.

The Franco-Prussian War underlined the success as Bismarck to unify Germany and the defeat of France. In fact, the war was regarded as a disgrace in the eyes of the French who were desirous of a revenge on the newly- established German Empire, Bismarck had nothing to fear from France alone but her alliance with another power would constitute a serious menace. It was, therefore, natural that his foreign policy from 1870 to 1890 was one which aimed at preventing the possibility of such an alliance and finding one for himself strong enough

to meet any challenge arhe

With this objective in mirk, Bismarck raised no objection when the Third Republic was set up in France, seeing that it would be less possible that Austria and Russia would ally with a republic. Actually, Austria and Russia were alarmed by the excesses of the Paris Commine in 1871, Bismarck had no difficult in drawing them together and an understanding among them, known as the Driekaiserbund or the Three Emperors League, was reached in 1872. By this, the three emperors would undertake to mintain the status quo in Europe, to solve any problems arising out of the Eastern Question, and to oppose revolutionary movements. But this arrangement could not be lasting as the aims of Austria and Russia towards the Turkish Empire were conflicting. In 1878, after Turkey was defeated in the Russo- Turkish War, the Treaty of San Stepheno was concluasa, the provisions of which caused a bitter dissatisfaction

At the part of the Powers. Russia was forced to submit

to a revision of San Stephano at Berlin. Though Bismarck professed to have no direct interest in the matters at issue, yet he supported Austria to demand for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austria acquired what she demanded as a result of the Congress notwithstanding that she had not participated in the War, whereas Russia gained practically nothing. The latter felt that Germany had been unfair, and thus, the Driekaiserbund had been seriously weakened,

In 1879, a forma treaty of alliance was concluded between Germany and Austria. This was at first kept a secret but when revealed it was found that the two nations pledged mutual assistance. against Russia and benevolent neutrality on the part of Austria in case war should break out between Germany and Russia. That Bismarck should choose Austria as his ally was a wise move, as he saw so clearly that any closer relationship with Russia would naturally, if not inevitably, arouse the enmity of England. However, Bismarck was slow in averting the possibility that Russia would ally with France. The Driekaiserbund was renewed in 1882, by which the three nations promised to remin neutral in Case one of then should be attacked by a fourth nation.

In order to employ the help of Italy, Bismarck engineered the hostility between France and Italy. Both countries had an interest in Tunis, Bismarck secretly persuaded France to annex Tunis, and France did so in 1881, Italy was annoyed and thus she joined the German Austrian camp in 1882 in the form of the Triple Alliance Germany and Italy promised mutual assistance if France. should attack either. Moreover, if one of the three should be attacked by two or more powers, the others were to lend active help. This Triple Allianca lasted until the Great War in 1914

Altogether, Bismarck had reason to be pleased with his handiwork. France was isolated. England was neutral, but more disposed towards Germany as he had disputes. with France in North Africa and with Ruggia over the. Balkans. The only danger was if France should come to an agreement with Russia, but Bismarck had taken great care to maintain the friendship of Russia by renewing the Driekaiserbund in 1884 and again in 1887.

But Bismarck was dismissed by the new Emperor. William II in 1890, and the latter brought about a reversal of Wismarck's policy. He allowed the treaty with Russia to lapse, and determined to see Germany, not Russia dominant in the Balkans. He entered into colonial

sce built up a large fleet, and these actions quickly antagonized England. It was not long before Bismarck's

tims were violated and England and Russia became potential enemies of Germany. It did not take long for France and Bussis to realize the dangers of their isolated positions in Europe. So naturally the two countries combined together in 1895 in the Dual Alliance, (and stood opposed to the Triple Alliance of Germany,

Austria and Italy. Bismarck's fear of France gaining an ally bad finally materialised.

So far, England had remained aloof from these continental entanglements. In fact, she was at first more friendly with Germany, for as late as 1898, she and France had almost come to blows over the Fashoda Incident She was traditionally suspicious of Russia designs in the Balkans and the Far East and in 1902 she had concluded an alliance with Japan against Russia. But by the beginning of the 20th century her attitude waa gradually changing as she witnessed the systems of "alliances in Europe, and the growing competition of Germany. She fully realized the danger of having no allies. Early in the reign of Edward VII a definite attempt was made to settle matters on which friction still existed between England and France. In 1904, they arrived at an understanding over Borth Africa. This Entente Cordiale accorded to England a free hand in Egypt and the Sudan while France was to enjoy similar privileges in Morocco. The Entente was not an alliance, neither country was bound to assist the other in the event of attack. But it substituted friendship for enmity, strengthened the position of France in Europe, and England was no longer in utter isolation,

The next step was obviously to iron out the difference between the two allies of France, England and Russia. This was not too difficult as Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War had thwarted her designs in the Far East. And her ambitions in the Balkans seemed to br

checked,. In any case, the danger there was no longer bui Germany, So friendship with Russia at last came to.. England and the Triple Entente was concluded among England, France fussia in 1907. Thus the Triple alliancı was posted against the Triple Entente. What Bismarck feared most that Germany might be engaged in war on two fronts, east and west - had been brought about. Deac by 1898, he might well turned in his grave at such fata). developments for Germany

Describe the part played by the united States in tha main issues affecting the Far East from 1853-1921

Until the year 1900, the United States found full scope for its energies in peopling its vast territories. and developing its resources at home. Centent with primary on the American continents, it resolutely kopu out of foreign complications. The Americans desired, slong with commerce, peace and honest friendship with foreign countries. In 1844, by the Treaty of Whanghia with China, she had won herself opportunities for trade at the treaty ports, and the application of

axtraterritoriality. The Treaty also contained a most- favoured-nation clause. But unlike the European

countries, the United States sought only trade in China and did not acquire for herself any territory.

By the middle of the 19th century, events in the United States had caused her to be increasingly interested in the Far East, especially dapan. With the cession of the Oregon territory in 1846 and of California in 1848, the United States acquired a frontier, which opened up the Great Circle Route, the shortest trans-Pacific route to Asia. Thereafter, many American ships followed this route across the North Pacific to China. Moreover, for some time, American whaling ships had been active in the Pacific. Whaleboa crew were often shipwrecked by storms at sea, and cast onto the shores of Japan. Some were returned to their homeland, but most were attacked by the Japanese, Owners of whaling fleets appealed to Congress. With the coming of steamships, a coaling station for vessels enroute from San Francisco to Canton was needed, American merchants were eager to trade with Japa American missionaries were eager to "civilize the Japanese. Thus in 1853, Commodore Matthew G. Ferry, under orders from the United States government, by a show of froce secured the admission of American trade to two Japanese ports, Shimoda and Hakodate. Consular

relations were also set up at Shimoda and the first American Consul, Townshend Harris arrived at Shimoda in 1856. This action of the United States was soon

followed by Britain, Russia, Holland and other European powers. The Americans had been responsible for opening the doors of Japan, and exposing her to western influence. This had not been an easy process, Townsrenc Harris ran into difficulties when he tried to gain a full commercial treaty. It was not until the conclusion of the Second Anglo-Chinese war in 1858 that the

Japanese grudgingly consented to grant further privileges to the Americans. But before the end of the 19th century, Japan had transformed herself from a backward feudal country to a moderní industrialized and imperialistic nation.

In the second half of the 19th century the United States was drawn further into the affairs of the Far East. The Spanish-American War (1898) left the United States. In possession of the Philippines and during the war she annexed Hawa11, Thus she held mastery of the Pacific and was brought to the door of Asia, These acquisitions abroad put an end to her traditional policy of isolation, She was anxious to secure for herself equal opportunities of trade in China. She had watched with trepidaton as the European countries frantically scrambled for conseccions in China, but sn herself had acquired no territories. If China should collapse she would be excluded from the lucrative Chinese trade. So in 1899, John Hay, the American Secretary of State proposed the "Open Door Policy" with regards to China. The powers were to enjoy equal opportunities of trade but had to uphold China's territorial integrity. The various powers accepted Hay's proposals, and China was saved from partition by the timely action of the United States. This became the basis of further Sino- American policy, and affected the relationship of the two countries

ries for many decades,

During the Boxer distrubances in 1900, the United States had been among the sight countries whose armies had fought, their way up river to Peking to relieve the besieged Legation Quarters, At the end of the war, it was largely through the insistence or the United States that no territorial indemities were taken from Ghẩm. And she was also among the first to remit parts of the Boxer Indemnity payments for such purposes as educational advancement,

The early 20th century witnessed a struggle between Russia and Japan over Kores and Manchuria, Japanese modernization had been so successful that she had - defeated Russia in 1905, and peace between the combatants had been secured through the good offices of President

Roosevelt at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, The Jamnese gains at Portsmouth were small, but her startling. achievement caused anxiety in the United States. Sho became aware of a new threat to security in the westeru Pacific, and from then on, her policy was aimed at checking further Japanese expansion.

The outbreak of the Great War in Europe afforded an excellent opportunity for Japan's imperialistic: ambitions. In 1914 she seized the German leasehold of Shantung in China. In 1915, she presented the notorious Twenty-one Demands to China. The United States condemner Japan's action, but she was busy with the "Lusitania" affair and was not prepared to intervene by military means. When she was induced to join the Suropean conflict in 1917, aho suggested that China should do the samo. In the same year, realization of the fact that the United States would have a geat at the Peaca Conference made Japan anxious to improve relations with her new ally. An exchange of notes book-place between Viscount Ishit and Secretary of State Lansing. But both countries misinterpreted the contents of the agreement, and the Japanese thought that the United States had shown more warmth of heart towards themselves than had been for years past. In fact, President Wilson's object was to curb Japanese influence, and he approved loans to China, American-Japanese relations, which had been deteriorating since the Russo-Japanese War, were at a

五期星日八廿月三年九六九一圈公年八十五國民華中

(接第六張第二頁)

一九六九丰中文学考試預習

物理科 (二十-

R l E B & B 2 A L'EQ_2 GM 認可事像立海肖像之す。

•鄧炳恩•

·l' = ex v/n = 84 x 240 x 240

84/3

237

h = hx v/u = 60 x 340 x 240

= 60/31 = 131 (D)

故B 半像之大小为2吋×17吋

解:如右圖所

設為物萬

931831 y=form:

為像高

may m = y/y

=40/0.5

PO (IE)

v/u

v/m

400/80 = 5 (*)

公式

R

400 =

-99 (3)

1K光之折射及光學儀器填-

題

人設光在空氣中之速度为3x10 米/秒若水

之折射率為1.33,則光 水中之速度為 2. 設水之拆射率為1.33,二硫化碳之折射率為

1.62則二硫化碳對於水之折射率高

3.一平凸透镜之折射率為11.34凸面之曲率半

往為30厘米則其焦距為

4一凹凸透镜之折射率高162,其凹面及凸面 曲率半径分别为40厘米及20厘米则其 焦距為

5物体高与厘米置於距凸透镜10厘米之軸 上凸透镜之焦距为15厘米則莫生成之像 離透镜 厘米,又像高為

6一凹透镜之焦距為10至米設一物体置於 其前1米則像在透鏡 距透镜 玉米

一近視者と最大明視距離為4党寸則須配

透镜眼镜焦距為

另一邊祝君之最小明視距離為8呎若欲明晰

觀看 18吋處之書本則須配用. 镜焦距為

9放大镜之焦距为5厘米则放太季之精確值

借其近独值高倍

10.硬颗微镜物镜之放大率為15倍物镜和目

镜之焦距各为1545厘米筒長为301 米则頭微镜放大学之精確值为' 15 近似值为

dangerously low ebb, Both countries were then buildin up their navies to new strengths. It was against thir background that the United States in 1921 extended invitations to an International Conference to open at Washington. An attempt to limit naval ermmants resulte in the Five Power Pact in which Japan emerged as the world's third greatest naval power, behind the United States and Great Britain. A further agreement between the United States, Britain, France and Japan limited the fortifications of their Pacific island colonies. Still- a third agreement among 9 countries promised to respec China's sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity. But the Washington Conference decisions du not ease tension in the Far East. They also served to involve the United States further in Facific affairs, And involvement in Far Eastern affairs made likely an eventual clash with Japan, for by then, Japan had travelled far along the road that led to Pearl Harbow

Questions for next week

1. What was the importance of Africa to the Great

Powers after 18707 How did it affect international relations?

2. What attempts were made to prevent, wär and imprava

international relations before 1914?