1969-03-21 — Page 22

頁二第張六第日四初月二年酉己 WAH KIU YAT PO

報日僑華

五期星日一廿月三年九六九一限公年八十五國民牶中育教倭華

は

九六九市文 考題預習方

7最短直立之平面镜缓 高35吋 解顫工為最短直立之平面镜则

物理科 (二十)

鄧恩釀

X12 + 10) = 3.560 8. H * ± 18 ±KI # 5. 解放北当所成之像之数日则

丁光度學與光之反射填-

題題解 1.84 321 * 2 * $ 16L

360°

n =

60o

1969

歷史科(十九)

Give an account of the Heiji Restoration in Japan,

___ The year 1867 saw the and of the Tokygawa rule and Che return of the Imperial line as head of the country. Emperor Mutshunito, a boy of fifteen, came to control ooth the nolitical and military power of the state. A period of vigorous Westernisation ensued and is known in Japanese history as the Heiji Restoration.

Since the Emperor was still a boy in 1867, he was naturally under the influence of his advisors who happened to be pro-kestern. After the last Tokugawa Shogun and his supporters were crushed, these pro- Western forces took control. The remnants of feudalis were abolished. The new policy of the government was announced in the Charter Oath which promised a atròngly centralized government on Western lines. There wa rapid industrialization. The army and ravy were remganized, new legal and educational systems wore: fashioned, and the wealth and population of the land multiplied. in short, Japan entered upon a period of

borrowing comparable only to the earlier period in het -history when she was borrowing from China.

Centralization or authority was the first step

towards a strong Japan. The feudal fiefs were replaced by prefectures administered by government appointed civil servants. The former daimyos were stripped of their lands, and instead they received a stipens from the Imperial government, who also undertook to shoulder their debts & new order of nobility was created out of the daimyos, so that they might keep their social

status. In 1873 a new land tax was announced, by which 3% of the total value of the land was to be paid by the landlord. This amount remained constant even if the harvest was poor. This tax was payable in currency but not in kind. The effects of this land tax on the ordinary peasant were enormous, for he had to sell ma crops at a low price in order to get the currency to pay. His life became a grim one, and many peasants lare their farms and drifted to the new industrial cities looking for work. Industry was thus provided with cheap labour and production increased. But because the average "apanese income vas small, goods found market at home. There was need for overseas marketa, and this influenced "apanese foreign policy.

a

Росг

Recnomic and industrial changes also took place, à uniform decimai currency was introduced and banks were founded. In the 1880's, industry was mostly in the hands of the Zaibatsu, which were huge financial and imustrial combines, such as the Mitsui, Musubushi and Susitono." These Zaibatsus had the blessings of the Japanese government, and industry made great progress. At first prominence was given to naavy industry such as production of steel and iron for the manufacture of guns and ships for national defence, Later, more emphasis was laid on light industries such as the

of textiles. In 1868, a postal and telegraph manufacture system was already in operation, and in 1872 a railway system was started between Tokyo and Yokoham. In 1885. the Japan Mail Shipping Lime was formed,

Education was not ignored. A ministry or saucation fas set up in 1871. In 1872 compulsory primary education for 6 years was introduced, and thousands of primary schools were built. Secondary and techniṇal schoola worm ́established, and the Tokyo Imperial University was opened in 1877. Foreign instructors came in large numbers and Western subjects such as science, mathematiés and foreign languages were emphasized. In addition to founding - military academies, foreigners were employed to trai the vasanase soldiers. Instead of the Samirai, a large standing sray was recruited from the people. Foreign weapons were purchased, and the army was based on the

German model after the Franco-Prussian War, and the navy on the English model.

In 1889, a Constitution was sunounced by the Emperor. It was very similar, to the German one. The Emperor was the head of state, and commander-in-chief. of all military forces, he decided foreign policy and ne alone had the power to declare war a sign treaties There was a Diet consisting of 2 Houses - the House of Peers wag filled with the Emperor's appointees from the newly cranted order of nobility. The House of

Lepresemintivas consisted of 300 popularly elected candidates who served a term of four years. However the property qualifications for both voter and candidate were very high. Another noteworthy achievement of the Meiji-era was the revision of the criminal Commercial code. The prime motive of legal reform was to hasten the abolition of extraterritoriality. This was achieved In 1899

The result of these reforms was to make Japan the Britain of the East, powerful and modernizea, She. avoided the calamities that befell China in the 19th century, and her status and prestige increased. With her newly acquired strength, she was able to repudiat. all unequal treaties with the west. Yet throughout the years of change, when there was all-out adoption or things foreign, the Japanese kept their distinct character. They still believed in the divinity of their homeland as the Land of the Gods. But when the 20th century broke, the wholesale strengthening had been very successful, for Japan was among the 8 countries that marched into Peking in victory in 1900,

解設E淊標準燭光照於蔬尋之熊奕利

說后为电灯光照於紙开之照度,則 E2 = 9/(12) * = 1/16 (** - **)

16

故無

2.4

16

蝎置於左

又為標準蜀與紙昇間之距離 (6一)為燈與紙屏間之距離

設置右

X

解三得 3.***

比海電價高煤差價之之借

·所用之煤氯價則

1000.

0.0001

設M為每燭光

M2 = 0.2

= 0.0002

故電價為蝶氯價之两

玻璃阻去光之百分率為1420 解設工為玻璃阻去之光之百分率

4 6 B 1 2 DAN

85

J(1-x)

(85

80

853

=1-0.8858

711.42%

5.照灰與光源距離之平方成正比称为照度平

方反比定積

被聪体上照度之大小與其和光線之入射角 之餘弦成正比此间係称为明伯靠這定律 (Lambert's law Cosine)

照度为26 由朗伯餒弦足律得,

12.0x3′′

10.80

流明/米

(流明/二)

During most of the 19th century there were emmitys, between Britain and Russia. Discuss the reasons for this. Why did the two countries eventually make un their differences?

The real bone of contention between Russia and Britain was India. During the nineteenth century Britain was expanding to the logical limits of her power in the Indian sub-continent, while Russia was contimiously expanding into Asia. Both were thus imperial Powera, and it was a consistent fear, dominating British foreign policy for a long period, that Bussiz

ant

to attack India, Palmerston, Disraeli and Salisbury were all, in one way or another, exponents of the anti-Russian line in British foreign policy -om. Salisbury not quite so much as the other two, it is true. Thus it was that Britain pursued a policy of bolstering up the decaying Ottoman Empire and viswed with grave suspicion all Russian proposals to divide ù, the dominions of the Porte. It was this which led to the Griman War, and to the crisis of 1878 ending in the settlement of the Congress of Berlin, for Russia's

view of the Turkish Empire was, except for one brier pariod, the exact opposite of Britain's. The difference between the two Powers is crystallized in the famous Russian allusion to Turkey as the "Sich Man of Europe” -- « diagnosis with which Britain refused to agree, was British suspicions of Russia that led to the two Afghan Wars of 1839-1842 and 1879-1880 respectively. And it was the same fear which caused Britain to maintain a aphere of influence in southern Persia to counter-balance the Husaian, domination of the north. The two nations in fact found themselves in opposition practically everywhere they came into contact -- in China also, for exampþe. One other reason may be mentioned, and that was the different political systems in the two countries. They were in fact poles apart in this matter, Russia being the sternest form of autocracy for the greater part of the century, while Britain, on the other hand, was steadily moving towards adult suffrage, goal which she reached in 1884, And there was of course

9此凹面鏡之焦距为9吱

解設UV士分别為凹面镜之物距像距焦距則

+

ƒ = 9 (0)

10.(a)所成之像為實物

1/2

或

+-+++ ★ v- - £

5/2

支

(b)寶物與凸面镜之距離為九-1)+

n

(*) + 1⁄2 & ~= (n-1)+. 或

丁光度學與光之反射問答計算題

光度各為 2000標準蝎无之两对梦裝於街通 上方 高20呎處立两灯相距100 呎,求街道

頬度若

1北点道在

比点通在两灯联線中点王铭直下五 改某人于持一長為不吋之平面鏡置於距其眼

天道是此镜正蒲峡 大樹之全像若樹與

锐之距排为300 呎则樹高为若干

輩有 距为8吋令有另

駕駛用凸球

反射镜,其 汽車之後

集中三

位置

2.0

有 ·凹面鏡路-中頭灯灯觫之像做於距談

绕千米卷土屉上楼灯絲王高為5毫米像高 40玉米

(h)問此

若干

I於鏡前若干速庭で

the long parliamentary tradition in Britain to add to the differences, and the way in which Britain under the genial Palmerston consistently supported liberal and constitutional movements abroad, even those that were in advance of her own governmental system.

What finally brought these inveterate foea togeth.

was the fact that they both began to fear another Power more than they feared each other. It is true that already in the nineties Salisbury was expressing the view that in supporting Turkey for so long Britain had been "backing the wrong horse", but the paramount factor in bringing Anglo-Russian rivalry to an end was the same as that which had already brought together Russia and republican France -- bedfellow just aa. strange the rising power of Germany and the threat she was felt to be under the flamboyant leadership of the Emperor William II. The alliance-system which Bismarck had built up had managed to isolate France, and the old statesman had also contrived to "tis Russia to the tail" of the Triple Alliance. But when the Kaiser had taken over control of Germany be had allowed the Reinsurance Treaty to lapse, thus making · rapprochement between France and Russia almost inevitable. The Kaiser's naval ambitions had then succeeded in making Britain sufficiently worried to abandon her "Splendid Isolation" and join hands with her old enemy, France, in the "Entente Cordiale" From this it was a tatyrak bext step for Britain to establish more friendly relations with France's amaz Russia, and an entente between the two was reached in 1907, shortly after the Algeciras Conference. But the death of suspicion that had to be overcome was reflecteu in the entente, which was not nearly so widely embracing as that between Britain and France.

Questions for next week:

1. Give an account of the reforms made by Alexander II

in Russia.

What were the results of the First World War in the Far East and how did Japan profit by it?

(第(二十)期定明日刊出請額者注意)