1969-02-16 — Page 27

育教

真三第張七第日十三月二十年申戊服夏 WAH KIU YAT PO

1969 FUN? 英文中學會考 試題預習

歷史科

(十五)

HISTORY (15

Trace the career of Dr. Sun Yat-sen.

r. Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the China se Republic, was born in a village not far from Canton in 1866, three years after, the T'ai Ping hebellion was crushed. It was a time when the Chinese people were suffering a great deal. Being a member of the poorer class, Dr. Sun experienced the corruption And inefficient, administration of the Manchu government ir his early days. Thus he developed in himself a strong hatred of the Manchu rule. At the age of thirteen, he went to his brother in Honolulu where he attended a school run by the Anglican missionaries and became a Christian. At this school he became a great admirer western culture and of the hestern political systems. When he returned to China in 1884, he was annoyed by the superstition and ignorance of his fellow country. men. In the eyes of the village folks of his birth- place, Dr. Sun was a rebel. They were so enraged by him that Sun had to flee his village to the British Crown Galony of Hong Kong.

In 1897, ude vanur Government ceded Annam to France though she had lost no war. After this, Sun realized that the Government was hopeless and that if China was to be saved, the Manchus must be overthrown nenceforth he devoted himself to the cause of revolution. Meanwhile, he studied medicine in the Hong Kong School of Medicine and took nis degree in 1892. However, this calling would not help much in the " career he had decided to follow. Thus, he opened a chemists store in Canton and began to popularise the ideas of revolution among his patients and customers. China's defeat at the hands of Japan in the Sino- Japanese War in 1695 turned many young man tc underground secret societies which aimed at under- mining the power of the Mancnus. Since the time fo revolution was not ripe, they were immediately suppressed by the Manchus when they tried to rise against the Government. For the second time, Dr. Sun want abroad.

For the next fifteen years Sun stayed abroad, travelling from place to place and devoting a 12 hearb and soul to the cause of saving China. He founded a society called the "sing Chung tuis or "hesurgent China Society" in Honolulu. Soon he moved the headquarters of the society to Hong Kong. Then he went to America and Britain in order to acquire more Western knowledge as well as to recruit more help from the Chinese staying abroad and also from foreign powerful personalities, In London he was detained by the Chinese Ambassador and was only saved when nis former teacher, Sir James Cantile, and the British Foreign Office protested. For twelve years since 1897 he travelled between Japan, Hong Kong, and Annam to popularise the coming revolution and to foster the anti-Manchu spirit. He also paid visits to the Chinese in the Pacific area, in the United States and South America, and whenever he went he won supporters. In the mean time, the Manchú Governsent was

becoming all the more unpopular. She was defeated several times in war, and was facing a danger of being partitioned by the Powers, Reforms failed one after

nother and even the reform movement sponsored by the imperial court in the early years of the twentieth century met with little success. Increasing miserie. of the people. led to further discontent. books and periodicals criticizing the Manchur rule and introducing the ideas of revolution had a great influence on the Chinese people. Thus, between 1900 and 1910, there were no less than fifteen uprisings in China. Though none of them was successful, the people were more determined to overthrow the Manchu

Dynasty November

In November, 1908, both the Empress Dowager and the emperor died. Fu Yi, a boy of three, succeeded to the throne, with his father as the regent. Three years. after, the revolution broke out. It started with a rising in the province of Szeahuan where the people protested against the right to build a railway being handed over to foreign powers. The protest was suppressed by, the goverment. On 9 October, 1911,

A

bomb explosion in the house of a revolutionary in Muchang Led to the disclosure of a plot to murder the governor of Hupeh and also of the names and addresses of the revolutionsry leaders. The leaders had

fast so as to save themselves,. On the next da FO.

move the

cities of Hankow, Wuchang, and Hanyang fell into the 1 hands. The movement spread rapidly. Within fifty days fourteen provinces declared independence with the Manchus. The city of wanking was captured by the revolutionaries early in December,

The Manchus unde Tuan Shih-kat Supreme Commissioner, with complete power over all the imperie 1 forces. He recovered the cities of Hankow and ta nyng. However, he realized that it was quite impossible to subdue the revolutionaries by force. Thus he opened negotiation with the rebels. He hoped that a compromise would be reached, by which the Manchu, government would be converted to a constitutional monarchy, and he himself would be Prime Minister. These negotiations failed because the revolutionaries wanted nothing but a Chinese republic under the control of the Chinese themselvea. A provisional constitution was made, and a provisional Assembly was set up with Nanking as the provisional capital. Dr. Sun was chosen the provisional President and the Commander-in-chief of the revolutionary forces, Li Yuan-hung, was made the provisional Vice-President. Un January 1, 1912, Dr. Sun took the oath of office and swore to dethrone the "enchus, to set up a government based on the will of the people, and to restore peace. He also promised that when these things were completed, he would resign the office so that a new Fresident of the Chinese republic might be elected by the whole population.”

報日橋華

The immediately concern of the provisiona government was to unify the north to the south. A compromise was thus reached with Yuan Shih-kai who still controlled the north. Yuan accepted the provisional government on condition that he would be accepted the provisional President. He persuaded the Manchus to addicate. It was agreed that Pu Yi should live in a palace in Peking and that the imperial family should receive an annual pension. To make the

unification work a success Dr. Sun handed his orrice to Yuan. In fact, it was Sun who persuaded the revolutionsry government to accept the compromise. Yuan took the oath of office on March 10, 1912. The Republic of China was declared to be a union of five peoples Chinese, Manchus, Mongola, Muslims, and Tibetans, Thus China was at last unified. This was a result of the selfless efforts or any revolutionary leaders Among them the greatest was Dr. Sun Yat-sen.

What do you understand by the Eastern Question?What was the Powers attitude towards this from 1821- 1842?

European statesmen in the 19th century were faced with a series of problem arising from the decay of the Turkish Empire. From the 14th to the 17th centuries the Ottoman Turks had built up by unremitting conque st

a vast Empire which at ita zenith covered the Mediterranean Sea. In 1453, Constantinople had been captured, and millions of Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians, Albanians, Roumanians and other minority races in the Balkans fell captive to the Turks. During the 18th century, the Turkish Empire declined. The central government was so weak that it was unable to control. its provinces. This gave rise to a movemant for Independence among the subject nationalities of the Turkish Empire. Throughout the 19th century, there were struggles among, the Balkan Christians to free. themselves from the Nohammedan Turks, and this together with the diverse ambitions of such European countr·les as England, Austria, Russia and France, constituted the complexities of the problem known as the Eastern Question.

In general, certain trends in the attitude of the European powers, could be clearly discerned. Any attempt by Russia to champion the cause of the oppressed peoples in the south-east of Europe was viewed with suspicion by England. So long as Hussia was willing to take up arms on behalf of the balkan.

Christians, her every move was regarded by the European, statesmen as a means to secure an out let to the Mediterranean Sea, and they were preparer to support the Turkish Empire as a barrier against Russian advance,

The first phase of this problem began with the outbreak of the Greek Hevolt in 1821. The Greeks, like other subjents of the Turks, were oppressed by heavy taxation and brutal treatment. With the decline of Turkish power, there was a revival in the Greek national spirit, and a longing for independence arose. In 1821 the Greeks raised a revolt in the Morea and the Turks were successfully routed. A massacre of the Turks was carried out, and the Turks retaliated in the same savage fashion. European sympathy was aroused and Alexander I demanded intervention on behalf of the Greeks. But Alexander was held back by Metternich, who played on the former's fondness for the Holy Alliance, and persuaded him that must not "assist" revolution. But in 1825, two things occured which changed the picture completely. Firstly, the Sultan called in his vassal Mehemet Ali of Egypt to suppress the rebellious Greeks, and Mehemet Ali's son, Ibrahim Pasha, carried out a systematic massacre of the Greeks. Secondly, Alexander was succeeded by Nicholas I who was

determined to assist his fellow ristians. England also interfered, with the object of controlling ... Russia, lest the latter should gain influence in the Balkans. By a general European treaty concluded at London in 1827, England, Russia and France agreed that Greece should be independent though under Turkish overlordship. When the Sultan refused to accept this, a combined Anglo-Russian force destroyed the Turkish and Egyptian fleets at Pavarine Bay. Russia went a stop further and declared war on Turkey in 1828, andi Russian army marched towards Constantinople. The Sultan was compelled to give in, and by a Treath of Adrianople, 1829, Greece was recognized as independent but under Turkish overlordship. But a semi-independent Greece would give Russia more chances for interference

2nd England decided on a totally independent Greece or nothing else. The Greeks refused to accept the Treaty of Adrianople. Finelly in 1832, a final treaty w signed by which Greece became fully independent, and Otto of Bavaria was chosen King, a

The next step phase of the Eastern question openea in 1832, with a Turkish-gyptian dispute over Syria, When Mehemet Ali was called in to suppress the Greek

Revolt, the Sultan had promised him Grote, Syria and Damascus. But the Sultan had gone back on his word an had kept Syria. Egyptian troops promptly invaded Syria, and within a year, Ibrahim Pasha was at the gates of Constantinople. The Sultan, failing to obtain help form other powers, accepted a Russian offer of assistance. Still, he was forced to abandon Syria, Damascus and Palestine to mehemet Ali, He was also forced to agror to a Treaty of friendship with Russia, the Treaty of Urikiar Skalessie (1833) by which in effect, the Dardanelles were to be closed in time of war to tnë warships of all nations except Russia. By this arrangement Russian vessels in any future war would bo permitted to emerge from the Black Sea and to operate. in the Mediterranean, and, if necessary to withdraw into the Black Sea without fear of pursuit, Great Britain, France and Austria protested but in vain. Strong suspicion of Russian designe was aroused in Great britain, and she waited for an opportunity bo reverse this decision.

Her chance came in 1839, when fighting again broke cut between Turkey and Egypt. The Sultan was determined to recover his lost provinces, but his armies were defeated again. France, under Louis Phippo hacked Egypt. At this stage, both England and Russia

日期星 E六十月二年九六九一圈公年八十五國民華中

育敎僑華

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會考試題預習

物理科

(十五)

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intervened as they were unwilling to see the

| 時發

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destruction of the Turkish Empire at Egyptian hands. Mahemet Ali was defeated by a European expedition, and Syria was restored to the Sultan. For a while, it seened France would declar war on England and Turkey, but she found herself isolated, and was powerless to save her ally. A new treaty was entered into, this time] with France joining in. This became known as the Straits Convention (1841) by which the Dardanelles Lay Eosphorous were to be closed to the warships of all nations, so that the Treaty of Unkjár Skelessie celsed to be effective.

The settlement of the Syrian Question was a triumph for England, as both French and Russian : influence was checked at least, temporarily. She had maintained' the power of the Sultan against his rebellious vassal, and Turkey learned to rely lass completely for protection upon Russia and more on England.

Questions for next week.

1. What were the causes of the Crimean War?

2. Give a general survey of the events in China”

Between 1911 and 1931.