1969-02-01 — Page 15

FEB 1969

TY HALL

銀日橋

一万二年十大力一商公年八十五國民華中

1969

地理科(三) 劉玉領。

Ang

ZOGRAPHY (13)

23, Coal and iron reserves in China are not found in

favourable places", Discus this. Ans.

in modern days, iron and steel industries together with other associated industries are the key to a successful national economy, Apart from other human, economic and other factors, the development in this depends to a certain extent on the relative distance between the distributions or these two raw materials, ie, coal and iron. It is also important to bear in mind that the successful development does not dépend on what a country has, but rather on the actual development.

far as coal is concerned. China has a large reserve (about 1,200 billion tons) that it ranks the fourth place in the world, after the US.A., U.5.S.R. and Canada. There is a large amount of antracite 1/6 of the total and high grade coking coal which is limited in amount and is not well distributed, Every province contains some coal although the amount in the Southeast is negligible. Eighty per cent of China's reserve lies in the provinces of Shansi and Sensi, in the region of the loess hills. Due to relative inaccessibility, production 19, sowever, limited to areas near the coast and the main railways. Hopei, Honan, Shantung and Szechwa.. have 18, he remaining 26 is found in Manchurie. which is the most important coal mining centre in China despite its small reserve. It produces about 30% of the nation's coal from the mines at Fushuni Tushin, Fehpiao and, Fenki. where the coal neither in qualility nor quality can be compared with those of Shansi and Shensi. Unfortunately the serious” problem in the expansion of coal mining is the. shortage of mine props (timber used in supporting the roofs in mines) especially in the less hills of Shansi and Shensi which are generally barren and where rainfall is so low that it is different to grow "tress, Manchuria leads in production because timber for mining purpose is obtainable from the accessible forest in the east and the necessity a using coal for its iron and steel industry also contributes to its larger production.

There is rich iron reserve available in China. Manchuria has 66% of the total. Unfortunately most of the ore is low grade (30-40% iron content). Anshan is the major producing area and Penki is the next important. In Hopei, iron is produced north-west of Peking where the ore has only 47-58% mineral content. Taiyuan in Shansi and Tayeh in Hupei are also, iron producing centres. In addition the Szechwan Provinge has some and Hainan has extensive deposits of hi grade ore.

n China, the location of the iron and steal centres are dependent on the availability of the raw materials. In North China, the lack of iron ore and the small coal production restricts the development of heavy industries. But there is rapid development in Paotow as it has iron and coking ecki is carried from Tatung. In the Yangtze Basin, Wuhan is the centre, drawing its raw materials from Ping- slang fooking coal), and Tayeh (iron ore). In the Red Basin (Szechwan Province) both coal and iron- are obtainable locally, so iron and steel industry centres at Chungking.

Nowhere in China are conditions for the fron and steel industry so favourable as in Manchuria (the North-eastern Provinces). because both iron and coal are found. Anghan contributes 42% of the nation's total steel output in 1958. It has a favourable location of being near the iron mine and the coal centres of Fushan and Panki and in the area of dense rail network. Fenki is harchuria's second fron and steel centre as it produces high grade coking coal and iron ora, both low in phosphorous...

Despite that there is coal and iron in Central and South China, it seems to be an interesting fact and a coincidence that the qualities of these two Taw materials decrease from north to south.

Consequently they are less important than in North. and North-east China, had more iron been found in North China where high quality coal is in abundance, there would be a better possibility in expanding the mining of coal-and-the-iron and steel industry. It is undoubtedly uneconomical, and the cost of production will be much higher if iron from Menchuria is to be carried to the High quality coa area of Shansi and Shensi or vice versa. Thus ir China, coal and iron reserves of high quality are Le found in favourable places.

DISTRIBUTION OF COAL CIRON IN CHINA.

QUIN. COAL

FRON

Movement of Coring Comi

TATUNKE

TATTUAN

WUHAN

PIN JAZIN

24. (a) Ribs, wheat and kaoliang are the main food.

chops in China. Explain where in China these crops are mainly grown.

(b) What are the characteristic features in Chinese

agriculture?

(a) Rice - Rice is mainly grown in Central China and South China. The four principal rice producing areas are the central part of Yangtze Valley, the Yangtze Delta, the Sikiang Delta, and Taiwan.

The crop needs a hot and wet climate, with an average summer temperature of 80°F out its growing period and an annual amount of rainfall of over 60 inches. In those four principal areas, the temperature in summer is high and rainfall is brought by the onshore S.E. Morisoon. In the Yangtze Valley, the harvest is annual and rice is the summer crop because it has less rainfall (40 inches annually) and it is cooler than South China. In the Sikiang 24, Valley, two crops are produced a year. The production in South China is, however, less. than that in Central Chine where 60% of China's rice is produced. The reason is that there is not enough lowland in South Chins although the climate is more favourable, whereas in Central China, there are wider plains. Some rice can be. grown in North China in Summer provided that there is sufficient rainfall.

Wheat Wheat is chiefly grown in North Chire, in the North China Plain, Shantung Peninsula and. the Loess Plateau.

The crop needs a cool weather (the July isotherm of 60°F marks roughly the extreme northern limit) and an annual rainfall of between 15-35" and some must come in the growing season. In those areas, there is a cold winter of about 13°F and an annual of

ainfall of 25" Winter wheat is normally grow in the southern parts of North China - it is sown in autumn and harvested in spring. But north of the Great Wall, because of the colder climte. Spring wheat is grown instead - it is sown in spring and reaped in summer, Unfortunately in North China, rainfall is so uncertain that either too much or too little will cause crop failure anal

In the Yangtze Basin and in Manchuris,

winter wheat is also grown as winter crop when the weather gets colder and drier,

Kaoliang

This crop is also chiefly grown in North China. The principal producing areas are fanchuria and the North China Plain,

The climatic requirements for the crop are imilar to those required by wheat. Instead of being grown in winter, it is grown as the summer crop. In Manchuria, it is grown largely in the southern part of the Manchurian Plain, From here, about 35% of China's total kaoliang output is produced. The crop can be used as a food crop, particularly in Manchuria, and is also used for the distilling of the local Alcoholic beverage,

(b) From the agricultural landscape of China, we

can see the following characteristic features:- (1) Intensive agriculture

Since only about 15% of the land in China is below 1500 ft., the total area of cultivable land is very limited, and amounts only to about 10% of the sand ares, As result, virtually every aquara yard or arable elluvial land is in sono form of crop production,

Terracing

This is practised on slope land which is used for pedy growing in the moist soutn and for dry crops on the lojës plateau în Central Hwang Ho Valley.

3)Sms 11 farms

:: Due to the large population (about 700 million) the majority of which (806) are farmers, the farm size or the acreage per every farmer is therefore very small, On the average, each farmer has about hali an acre of cultivable land

Fragmentation

The fields being divided into small: pieces reveals the traditional custom of equal division of family farms and beside. it is an indication of population pressure People's communes

Since 1958, Commines are introduceu by the Government. The fields of each farmer are the properties of the communes and since then there is no private landlord, Every farmer is a member of the Commune, he has to work on the fields, and in return, he gets his share of food and clothing supply

Lack of mechanized farm implements

Although agricultural machines are being introduced and mechanization has been practised in North China and in Manchurian, the absence of large plains in

South China and the method of growing pady make it impossible to use machines on large scale. Most of the farm work are still done by manual labour,

7) Inclination to produce food crops.

Because of the huge population, a large quantity of food is required. Cereal crops like rice and wheat occupy most of the acreage. Other food crops include millet, kaoliang, barley, rye and cats.

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HNK47. GKER TEXEREKCENTERSRE

"PISTRIBUTION OF VÍHLAT IN CHINT

DISTRIBUTION" OF RICE IN CHINA

25 with the aid of large sketch maps, describe and give reasons for the importance of three of the following cities: Peking, Shanghai, Wuhan. Canton. Lanshow. Urumchi...

rite a reasoned account or

(a) the distribution of railways in Chin (b) industrial development in Manchuria

專

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