1969-01-10 — Page 14

頁二第張四第

日二廿月一十年申戊歷夏

WAH KIU YAT PC 報日僑

罗僑

英文中學會考試題預習

歷史科

(七)

佑

HISTORY (10),

Give a brief account of the revolutionary movements in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1848, and sav why they failed.

The repressive measures introduced by Metternich to keep the areas under his rule disiaited met with considerable auccess. In 1830, when revolutions. broke out in various parts of: Europe, no similar movements were present in his Austro- Hungarian Empire, Hawever, from 1830 to 1848: his subject peoples showed a marked desive for political liberty. Elements of opposition were wecoming more determined in Hungary, Bohemia, and the Italian provinces under Austrian rule. Although Metternich forsaw the danger which lay behind this increasing discontent and political agitation, he did not show the slightest, yielding. No messures of reconciliation were granted to his subject peoples notwithstanding that hard feelings towards the Austrian rule were gathering force as: years went by. It was only a matter of time that the subject peoples: would use violence to attain their political liberty

Early in 1848, anti-Austrian disturbances broke out. In Lombardy and Napies. But the revolution in France in February was the real spark which set off wide spread uprisings in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, When the news of the French Bevolution in: 1848 reached Vienna, a demonstration and afterwards an uprising was organized in protest to the iron- hand rule of Metternich. As the revolution gathered. momentum, Matternich was compelled to flee the country and take refuge in England. In response to the demands of-the demonstratorsy Emperor. Ferdinand set up a Constitution in Austria. Censorship was abolished, a diet summoped and liberal ministers were appointed. The uprising Viema was only one of neng in the Empire In Bohemia, similar movement broke out even earlier. A petition was sent to the Emperor, demanding a responsible ministry and the equality of the Czech and German languages. Since Ferdinand was not in a favourable position to turn then down, the demands kero accepted, So far as Hungary was concerned the news of Metternich's fall had an electric effect. The Magyars, who had long wanted. a separate administration, demanded and secured a constitution and a parliament along the English lines, The privileges of the nobles were abolished, A nationaJ army was set up, a national flag adopted and abassadors were appointed to represent Hungary overseas. However, the Magyars refused national and constitutional rights to the Croatians, Serbs and Bumanians under their rule. As a result, war finally brake out between the Hiungarians and her subject: peoples. The Italians provinces under Austrian rulei were also successful in freeing themselves off the yoke of Austria, whereas in Germany, the ruling princes, had to make concessions to save their positions

Netternichta repressive system and 'divide aid Fule policy had been completely shattered by the uprisings just mentioned. The Empire of the Habsburgs seemed everywhere on the point of. dissolution. The revolutionary movement reached a climax in May 1848 when Emperor Ferdinand fled t the frontier. However, the movement soon spent its force Disagreement and racial hatreds developed among the revolutionaries provided the Emperor wit an opportunity to restore the older order

Counter-revolutionary movements had been carried out by Emperor Ferdinand since his flight to Innsbruck on 17th May, 1846. He was able to employ the support of his sympathizers in the various parts of the Empire. The rift between the Hungarians. and the Croat lans enabled ferdinand to secure the help of the latter. In June a Slav Congress in Prague led to Czech nationalist demonstrations. This} time, Ferdinand adopted a firmer attitude a milytary force, under the commander of the Frice, WIndischgraetz. bombarded Prague. A military

government was set up, This victory, stiffened the back of the government against the popular movemen in all parts of Austrian territories, when the populace of Vienna staged another uprising in Uctober, 1848, they were brought to submission in similar manner. Inside-lungary, the Magyara had upset the Croatians by refusing them an independent goverrument, Armed conflict was thus resulted. The Croatians, backed up by Austria invaded Hungary in September, 18, Upon the request of Austria, a hussian army was put at the disposal. of Francis Joseph who succeeded Ferdinand as Emperor in December., Hungary was not only faced by an Austro-Croatian alliance and a Russian army, but was also opposed by a Serbian insurrection and a Human dan: insurrection. The fate of defeat fell on. Hungary and she had to return to her former.state as a province in the Austrian Empire. During the spring and summer of 1849, the Italian provinces also had to submit.

Dissensions and racial hatreds had largely. contributed to the failure of the 1848 revolutions,

五期星

in the Austro-Hungary Empire. The very fact that. the revolutionaries were not in harmony enabled austria to play off one racial group against:

日十月一年九六九一公年八十五國民華中

Canother. The intervention of Hussia, contributed yet

another part to the success of Austria in

reestablishing her superiority in the Empire.

It must be noted, however, that elements of

progress were by no means absent, Though most of

the orders existing prior to 1848 were restored,.

certain Improvements were seen, Unequal taxation.

privileges of the nobles and serfdom or, the

peasantry were abolished. In many states, the

memory of the 1848 revolutions gradually Influenced

the princes to grant furither concessions. Before.

two decades passed, the Habsburgs themselves/ carried out reforms.y

What were the cfrcumstances that brought about the "Hundred Days* Reforms? How far were they? successful?

"The Hundred bays" reforms were an itdirect outcome of the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95). China's defeat at the hands of neighbouring nation who? owed much of her culture to the "Middle Kingdomw: did not only reveal her weakness. and incompetence but also place her in a danger of being partitioned by the Western Powers. In addition to territorial. and financial losses, China was made the theatre of the battle of Concessions ". The results and effects of the war were deeply felt by China's scholar gentry class, particularly those younger. scholars who were sitting for their final test in "the Civil Service bxamination or had qualified forw office. They were aware that it was high time that something should be done to save China. They strongly believed that what the Japanese could do the Chinese could, but it had better be

Stone soon. Plans of reform were drafted and sent to the Lmperial court for consideration and adoption.

Among the would-be: reformers, there' were two" notable groups The first group, with Dr. Sun Yat Ben as the figurehead, was radical and revolutionary: in character. Dr. Sun was so disappointed by the incompetence of the Manchu court that he aimed at

the complete overthrow of the dynasty and the setting up of a republic, The second group, under the Leadership of K'ang Yu-kei, and his pupil Riang Ch! 1-chdao, favoured drastic reforms in the

government, as they felt that events would not wait for some sort of gradual process to produce a haw China. Since they wanted to make their programme" reforma effective through imperial backing, they supported the monarchy. It was Klang, Liang and a group of young men led by Tan Ssu-tung who advised. Emperor Klang Hau when national reforms were) carried out.

COS MWhen the Empress vowager was in control of the court, no imperial sanction was given to measures. of reform as.she was conservative. However when::

Kuang Hsu was free to rule the country after Tau Hai's retirement, he wanted to embark on a policy of national reforms. With the advice of Klang Yu-wei and his associates, the Emperor issued edicts to introduce reforms in the country..

Generally speaking, emphasis was given t iducation, examination systems, military systems; dlitary system, commerce and industry, andy disciplines of the officials. An imperial univeradty was set up in Peking. A network of schools was planned to provide elementary and: secondary educntion in the provinces, Technical, education was to be expanded. Modern subjects and European languages were to be included in the curriculum. In order to fit the new carriculum, now) examination systems were to be introduced, Besides the classics, knowledge of moderm subjects was also texted in the Civil Service Examination. Knowledge of modern arms and tactics, was likewise included in military examinations. As to the military systemn: attention was paid to cut down wastage of manpower. The programme also included establishment of banks mines and the building and repair of railways. Commerce; and industry were also fostered. In order: to minimise the government expenditure, offices of. profit: on honour without duties attached were abolished. Severe penalties would be imposed oris officials guilty of graft and corruption.

Sincere as the reform Leaders were, they encountered opposition from various directions. On the upper level, Tzu Hsi was sorry to have given her power to Kuang Hst, She wanted to get it back and repealed the reform measures. Officials whose positions had been endangered by the reform movement rallied round the Empress. In the provinces the programme of reforms was largely ignored by the provincial officials. Efforts on the part of the

'reform Leaders to save the movement led them to failure. In order to give force to the movement, they approached Yuan Shih-kai for military support; Seeing that it would be more favourable to side with Tzu Hsi, Yuan betrayed the Emperor and his advisers. Kuang Hsi was arrested as a result. Kang Yu-wei fled. "to Hong Kong, Liang Chi Chao sought refuge in

Japan. Tan Ssu Tung and five other young reformers. were executed. The movement came to an abrupt end. The enactinents of the reform period in which the Empress Dowager showed any interect were the recruiting of a militia and the plans of the setting up of the Peking University. In 1900 the Chinese were to turn to another and very different technique of opposition to foreign influence as

manifested in the Boxer Rising

Auest

for next week:

I. what were the causes and results of the Russ

Japanese har?

2. Explain why. attempts made to unify Italy before

1860 fadled.

第中

托定報下二大 出延名月期校

至鑒十旅外 遊進 月報

底名開事修 業部

擁

下

憑月 課開

程設

七國四八四

較爲

香港

您府

增實

加際

育教僑華

行政視察

一九六七至六八年度

一特徵内地防值消息:一九六上楚八八年國政府用於敢育上之經費,實際際二九四、〇二 卅日。 十一 與上一年比較,則增加二千一百萬元 爲數近三萬萬元 爲港府實際經常政費總額百分之一

教育經費開支

此項支出,與上「記載,由於本港教育之扶風及两所大學活費用之上,千一百全部橫無料第一年,一!那就其史,鄭之一

航游會各拑驚,各

(十二)被六打膦

SZYKI (1)=8** <<<#KE-1),

,原礙於明(十一)日明收六百元,第二個物業(七)上古漢十一級向九屆轉鐵商群部一致資的工人以促成之。

情。 偶數二百十小時||號其史背景,訂與旅行社之關保等的改以速必要的,就了一具好的升造姆斯及前途一

領的Å工發瘋堂的畢準的工

海

工管理一是外此比,代

德所 受就 大理代目必解,一道

三工 好够成過病验,

假菸之

們您品們

的生

學業此

所亦中的,的作中澐力由加菸,

金龍交民爲主辦科障人

参撞出一些究。

年,赫計約

资助一萬一千元 港府對每一港大學生每年須

學學生會留約枪, 港府從收得納稅人步 直至四年五年後,將」,它際獨邱媽,腕務處,當附小姐演出,無夜, (新正𩵚)香港大,其方極照需要者。現在,後各年流彈嫩護資出,一按定對警委員會亦能第一,卻冰婚的,面對愛 百萬元、曹光榮、黃偉明、龍。之前 第一年旺荦震鑴旺、围太屆,野雄,梁麗義、次蔟二時止,對寵营巢 批年,委員;敬遠,可提出名錄音,世范

,

將請當局多撥款

助清貧同學卒業

一例:

本港中學會考合格間,反士等,一審,以及其他有關真 ”參加此项交税店览 其背衰,本地號 筐,順應俪遂項- ,內容編說,各部門中,組織,業務之推潢,並 訓練及運用。:

生業畢業工收吸欲廠工

件條項三具須

·在校為

禮典業畢學中業工亞利多維:

育教業工講詞致榮國譚長校

化藝工純能不學中業工謂復

·四哦,在黑仔盤讓校禮堂行, 年度畾萊雅槳義,昨八九日下午 ::鰐多利乖把裤出擊六七至六八

廠商分名等救妤在克能搅攝明發

歡樂今宵頒獎

4月

薊佳之敎育。 劉氏又謂“所需

港大學生會會長劉約翰 强,蘇加甫及石粉类,亦上門接受號問。

一項是成立一個清貧學生

費斯機將,所生產

「

英時,郭可水費,直至

玩樂寊盟情歌星堂军蒲

中大校外公共關係班 ,由好,此豪證之數百九侦

新年餐舞及時裝表演

· 明晚在總統酒店舉行

,被收

都

面委 品 辨 酒下新

歡迎參

引及脆好加上校

熊生投呰服務: 神途,第三行命理的待遇來歐聯 國業軒,第二是有好的腰證會及獎後合攝。 他黑供適人材,但各工廠必須一工業中的勦授學生以 打 個性,第一乃恩良好的訓米 面,三位得獎人與大头泮行董事及澳洲生师 審認國學,昨在該校最典禮上,跑所投的工滨我能對透鍪十四弟能很多的著育,,而不願意過有很多

西安设 協恩好,需有實際的在職訓練。一年,將來點成爲工廠工一們都以為其子弟消入一些拉体原因、倘若香港

一般白钻汇和起│諾,我相信車業生 離打獄的。在日前更老的。

在右裁,無論窮人

何以裳尚工資的 。阶非斯的工*酸能

好立克獎學金

新德 固墨

國 印

好省

用紙 巧價

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