1969-01-04 — Page 31

育教備華

頁三第張八第日六十月一十年甲戊腰豆

【

LC文中學會考試題預習

歷史科

(九)

·佑青

本欄英處科主審張子宛女士,因發務繁忙,無明镪凍軟箂,自然九期開始,該科改由「佑考法 「聘為代。佑情善保香港大學歷史苿學」,討展史科研討願有心得,各同學對該科間能政心預

多益。

HISTORY (9)

What were the aims of Matternich? Describe his

policies in the German Confederation.

The year of LE15 saw the triumph of conservatism) at the Congress of Vieina, But the seeds of -nationalism and liberalism had been laid by the

French Hevolution, Therefore, the period between 1815 and 184L8 was a period of conflict and strugere). between nationalist and liberal aspirations and reactionary measures organized on a collective basis in the farm of the Quadruple (later bintuple) Alliance under the domination of Metternich, the Chancellor of Austria. This period is known as the

Ers of Metternich since his aims and policies were to have significant bearings on the contemporary. European politics.

In assessing the aims and policies of; Metternich, the national background of Austria and the. influence of the French, Revolution must be taken into consideration. The Government. of the Austrian Empire was a conservative one with a predominant Landed aristocracy instead of a strong middle class: There was a motley racial texture which included. Hungarians, Czeches, Slovake, oroats, Rumia nianay Poles and etc. After 1815, the forces of nationalism and liberalism were active. In view of these Metternich devised his system of 'divide and rule order to ensure the domination of the Hapsburgs instead of satisfying the nationalist and liberai sentiments of his subjects, horeover, since the Franch:hevolution had upset the balance of power m Europe and its contagious revolutionary ideas were detrimental to the peace of the continent, the restoration of the balance of power and the general: political stability of Europe was indispensable in the eyes of Metternich as external disturbances were likely to incite disruptions at home. In regard to this, Matterns cn extended Austrian politics onto an international European scale. The product was the

madruple (later Quintuple) Alliance

international league for the purposes of creating a five-power equilibrium, which would neutralize the increased power of Hussia, the diminished power of France and the maritime power of Great Britain, as well as suppressing-revolutionary disturbaces in any panttof buropes through the joint efforts of the: five great European Powers. However, one must note that Metternich's opposition to nationalist and revolutionary movements was not so much of blind. prejudice as of the practical consideration: that such movements would constitute a danger to the very existence of the Austrian Empire. The preservation of the comparatively weak Austrian. Empire after the disturbances of the French Revolution was the predominant aim of Metternicn) which shaped his policies of divide and rule" the guarantee of the general political stability of Europe, the balance of power and the collective reactionary measures through the concert of Euroba

Metternich's policies towards the Confederation Germany were understandable in view of the nature of the Austrian population which was composed of a large.

number of non-Germans whom: the peoples of the German states would never consent, to become part of a united Germany. Therefore, if Germany were to be unified, it would be a union without Austria, Consequently, Matternich'e main policy towards Germany was one of divide and rule, keeping the latter: weak and decentralized, through high-handed reactionary measures of suppression and censorship aga inst. German nationlist and liberal movements!

The German Conrederation was a creation of the Congress of Vienna under the great influence of metternich; it consisted of 39 sovereign states Loosely bound together; each meber-state was represented ine Diet meeting in Frankfurt under the presidency of Austria, effective legislation was rendered impossible by the requirement of a 2/3 majority of the Diet for the passage of any messure ands_unanimous_vote_for_the-amendment cof_the

Confederation constitution; member-states remained independent on condition that they did not against their fellow member. In addition to the sa handicaps, Metternich succeeded in making Germany weak. by encouraging Jealousy among the Germanr states, by nullifying the action of the Diet through the Austrian presidency, by seeing to it that Prussia, the strongest of the German states adopted & policy sympathetic,- if not subservient, Austria, Furthermore, seizing on a bombastic liberal cstudents' festival (effigies of reactionary leadera

and anti-libera), pamphlets were burned) held at karthurg in 1817 under the sponsorship of students' societies which were centres of liberal revolutionary agitation, and on the murder an 1819 of Kotzebue, s journalist and play-writer and a spy in the pay of the Hussian Tear, by a university student, Matternich succeeded, in. suppress ing Liberalian by having the Diet pase the Carlsbad Decrees in 1819. The Decrees) placed a 13 university teaching under close

vision, forbade the organisation of students; societ: Oxunless they hat special permission from the authorit 100), and established a heavy censorship

thepreass

WAH KIU YAT PO 日僑華

六期星

prich these Decrees, Metternich managed to ignore the opposition of the small liberal states end te stamp out liberalism wherever he found it from 1819-1848. In spite of all ne did, ne failed in the end to stem the tide of Liberalism awingtor. the fact that attempts to put the clock deck! by means of political and military suppressions were unable to cope with the forces of nationalisman; socie 1 and economic "snanges which finally assumed even more superior political strength to the destruction of tra, nid (örner 4.

what were the results and effects of the Sinc

- Japanese War (1894 - 1895 15-

In "the second half of the 19th century) China and Japan were engaging in a process of modern-Tech ization. Considerable attentions were devoted to the military field. Both aimed at building up a large. military force for the purpose of self-strengthening: and national defence, In the case of Japan, after the heiji restoration, self-strengthening movement.. were steered towards a policy of expansionism. However, awing to an absence of unanimous: agreement among the policy initiators, ho immediate positive' action was taken, It was not until the middle of the 1870's that serious measures of expansion were brought to concrete reality, Henceforth, Japan's foreign policies were motivated by the twin forces of " imperialistic aapirations and the desire for equality with the kest. To culminate the military yes ternization of China and Japan, an armed conflict broke out in 1894 over the horean Crisis, resulting in the former's disastrous defeat in 1895. The sino Japanese war thus serves as a test of their efforts at military westernization and owes its importance in history by the effects and repercussions it brought about to China and Japan in the years. follow.!

Korea had Tong been a bone of contention

between China and Japan, In the 19th century, when】 the political climate was one of imperialist. expansion, Korea was placed in a much worse position, since she was surrounded by 2 land-empires and an island-empira. She was the focus of Russia' interest for an ice-free port, In view of her " expansion policy, Japan regarded Korea a stepping, stone to the continent. hith the outbreak of domestic disorder in Korea in 1894, Japan made io pretext to enter into armed hostility with China, Korea la traditional protector. War between China and " Japan. was actually declared on August 1, 1894. This demonstration of armed conflict turned out to be an: ava la riche: victory of Japan over China, Peace was concluded when the Treaty of Shimonoseki war sienany on April 17, 1895.

" This Treaty obliged China to recognize Korea 's Independence, pay two hundred million taels

indemnity; cede the Lis otung reninsula, including Port Arthur and Dairen, Formosa, and the Pescadores. to Japan; open Soochow, Hangchow, Shast, and Chungking; and negotiate a acmercial treaty, The commercial treaty became effective. in 1896, giving. Japan privileges that the other Hestern nations had secured. In other words, Japan was to enjoy the most. favoured-nation treatment in the post-treaty years.

The Sino-Japanese War had tremendous effecta m the power politics in East Asia and on the Internatiohal scene. China's defeat furthermore revealed her weakness and Incompetence. to the British who had been pro-Chinese in character in her policies in East Asia. Britain then shifted her attention to Japan. The Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1902 was an indirect outcome of the Sino-Japanese War. Russia, showing a keen interest on Korea and South Manchurie, took the place of Britain te befriend Chine. Together with Germany and France they advisedw Japan to return the Liaotung Peninsula to China. Japan did so in return for thirty million taels additional indemnity, Russia and her associates soon demanded compensation from " China, Other countries also joined in to scramble for concessions. This was the peak era of imperialism in East Asia, It was most probable that Chins would be dismembered like Africa,

Within China, the Self-strengthening Novament ended with her defeat in 1895. However, a new sign of awakening, especially among the middle intellectual class, presented itself. There were new agitations for further and more reforms and clminated in the "Hundred Days” Reform. Many people and Jost hope in the Hanchu Dynasty and directed

their efforts elsewhere. Among these people wan Sun Yat-Sen who, after the Sino-Japanese War, committed and devoted himself to the republican movement of China, The heavy tndemity China had to pay dragged her into a more embarrassing situation. She was in serious foreign Joana, She had leased a number of ports to foreign powers as well as lost her rights in railway building and mining. In sho she was in a precarious position. The foreign powers were ready to "out up the Chinese mal China was saved only by John Hay's "Qoan Door PolicyMan

As tur LF wapan was concerned, she became a world power overnight. The balance of power in East Asia had changed in her favour, Henceforth, vigorous expansion measures were introduced untal she baname dominant in Asia.

Questions for next week

1. Give a brief account of the revolutionary MOTENSAL in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1848, and say why they failed.

2. What were the circumstanoes that brought abouth.

the "hundred Days" Hefore? How far were they successful?,

市

食的讀

日四月一年九六九一层公年八十五國民奉中

::申融入班受创資格,

【此,會受訓練之致師,出路已日覓良好 入学試則分有米試及面試,皆須及格才有機會先醒。... 年來由於私立學校之裨爲律貼學校!以及新開設之音助昂校日,因

學融黨生

器

則了,港

第四屆專上學生研討會.

廣爲大米利益署科

|中小學師訓班 下月起辦招生

計對,學校之骨龄及,有些意見来够奈入或者流於太理命化。 由於當一的工作時,宮篇路生成物積在這方面發表有關地 研討會在檢討現行香港早生在參與政治方面 (#) 局俄夜把行安助救育|簾,但是,有些學生所內佛教基校的管制,剛時澄濟團生重做的裔義,以發發生誤解:何一般人」表、研討會症篩學生刋物應負起提高向學對 |腿及了解,以實際行動,沓示學生運動並非空琰的意見。 【時,為生活性的文章,透過此等刊物反映本身的免驛,

研討會留爲學生在學生運動的過程中應酸持,使發發的意見有所依據。 有關闊題的民意調查,透過學生刊物,他就會人 尤、研達爾路義學生運動童换和平之磬鹿為

· 研討會且剪爲學生運動不受過於激烈,且要會以研究各學生視識之時事委員會之意見。 有理智,團茚及解淸目標的態度,關心社會,參 研时穿茆建檔時事委員會等組織多興民喀爾 原則:以他會的安麻周大前提-而反對使用暴力 政治的露識的古任,多所發過有關社會性及政治

奥的和交入的研究和調查,以梁求事實之沉 七、研討會落翥政府讓成立「特別小組委員

·中學師訓班申請者當倍瘠,九因可認,

。因之,對有訓練之一書的地方,很多除了發表一、二篇高交外,實際

·殼與需求亦啟,所以工作關迩,研究則未見有很大的發厥,其3=姞战生對社會事物的,他的手: 威帝的,一生運動的工艺與安特生的工作努力。

丙:研訂會之豬:

當局仍繼續招收新學員,今年招生即可望在下《112月辦理。

研討會有如下建險:

發訓練班,香港區英文線(以上三班在沙鹿道籍宮國教育學院開設 .自前本港之在職教師訓練班,包括有:中學政餓機府班,香港陈小學一局之會讀。

一、研討會建齶立法、行政两局證民惡牖席 姓汙保;但是學生運動的進行,應以和平的方式

以往數字。

之部可教學經驗,而此項定須在是「教師,福利班底,

更多的强段席。 | 粟寨時,政府應被大市政局的職無意圍,及愛加

! 大部份都能獲得適當之教職,而一黨之得搖年成人

的政治素。 我是小問題的研 四、亦討會建議政府蕙在中學加贏公民和村一侧和架入的研究和聖查。(南科) 會等,以對政治知線方面加獨在維,藉此喚醒街一過民的法定年齡改爲十九歲,以他一起學生可以一面,愿加民本身對政治的附確認做,改善目前時 |介紹:成裘雕款多類此之研討會及設立時寫

爾狁速辦「政府策討明會」,同時,在學生方 三、研討會大部分參加者星啜香港政府嚴腾 五、科討會對該民政客廳傳辦「政府政策的孔聖堂講座 有參加的資格,作爲素質政治的「游。苍員會的工作,及進行對社會,政治問類有點

一「孔子思想本猳」,

·而今年申請入朗則把受割的教師,預見必更認班院,尤其是中國入中學教囊治的強應。 年間,實現普及計劃,則推存韋斯學校之罪證及私校改篇津貼庫校物料,一有純政治的質料做同學公務。作學生,論會」,由政府有助官段與學生合租而成,整個

蚵无君,

六成}

. 至於華生運動之湖行研时會認爲顾以溫和的一座民意,並主断地去鍍收學生的意見。

|討論政府的政策及有關施政工作,以個接納及林

林仁超主溝 精裝很高, 代郵

「獨敷近之消息透露,我育司學已同意自一九六八年十二月一日起,一度爲原則例如利用靖段與幹險時事委員會, 六 5 研討會中學聯會之時中委烈會及其他曾与李沛林先生:每

明日下午二時,假大

一發力土族以定會安寧爲大前提,同時,學生運動的安任,同時,實應作出對社會、政治問題有計一隻野林仁燈泡影,

本營業部接治,只

,培猋一般學生的政治意識

面

•在柏立基我育學完: 交椒設性意見未能受到當局的重視。 ,其擔本官參與政治溵普通之途徑。然而對政

以上两班在如土居,沿方风之觀感,因研究和陶瓷的不足,從馬誚中、擴大選民航點,且將來的民運、官守及非官守,以社會大眾的安平排大開辦,而反對使用最頂

並大政肚病院下

時的糊。

有能生政于頭

對時方署搁員

地理科

~ Cali

Jand

用

長

方

的

方

滋的

辉目

式切。

(接第八張第二頁)

時間

學過

空的酸

七非

電

文中學會考試題預習

Questions for next week.

00

(九) 劉玉領

17. Write an account of rarming in the New Territories dealing particularly with the following points 1

area suitable for cultivation¿'

utilisation of the cultivable land, transportation of crops to market recent twand of development.

Describe the fishing industry under the following, headingas.

(a) factors favourable for the industry. (b) methods of fishing.

c) fishing centres,

(d) ather branches of fishing activities besides